Advanced Automotive Energy Storage Report

Publication Date	October 2009
Publisher	Supplier Business
Product Type	Report
Pages	190
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	SUB00101

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Summary

This report examines the technology and market for advanced energy storage systems (ESS) in automotive applications. So called 'green' vehicle technologies will all require advanced energy storage systems, ranging from improved SLI (starting, lighting, and ignition) batteries for micro hybrids with stop-start and regenerative braking, to larger traction batteries for electric vehicles and hybrids, as well as ultra-capacitors, hydraulic hybrids or flywheel systems. The report concentrates on the advanced energy storage for hybrid and electric vehicles and their variants, comparing the requirements for the alternative drivelines to the power requirements of conventional vehicles.

Rapid growth in the market for these technologies will quickly see them become one of the highest value sectors of the automotive industry supply chain. For many applications the technology is disruptive, and will drive new technology investments, attract new companies into the supply chain and force vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers to collaborate or make acquisitions to stay competitive in the future.

The report examines recent developments in the market and future trends, analysing the advantages and disadvantages of each technology and considering which applications will benefit most from their adoption. It also suggests potential penetration and growth rates in unit and value terms. Importantly the report also reviews the near term applications that will enter the market and what developments will be need to be achieved in the longer term to ensure success.

Many current applications of advanced energy storage technologies are high cost and produced in too low volumes to enter the mass market. The industry is therefore facing a dilemma over which technology should be the target of its limited resources whilst it strives to ensure its targets for CO2 reduction is achieved.

Content

Foreword
Glossary
Introduction
Methodology and scope
- Forecast Horizon
- Advanced energy storage - definition
Executive Summary
Discussion of Key Issues
- Market Drivers
- Short term and long term CO2 goals
Evolution of Energy Storage Technologies
Energy Storage Performance Requirements
- Energy and Power Density
- Cycle life
- Technology Costs
- Safety
- Charge-discharge efficiency
- Charge Time
- Thermal Operating Characteristics
- Durability and Reliability
- Packaging
- Recycling and Evironmental Issues
- Self-Discharge
- Weight
Batteries
Advanced lead acid (VRLA or AGM)
Other Advanced Lead Acid Batteries
Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
Advanced batteries - Lithium
- Cathodes
- Anodes
- Separators
- Electrolyte
- Cell Packaging
- Safety Circuits
- Packaging
Lithium Chemistries
- Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium - Li(NiCoAl)O2 - NCA
- Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) - LiCoO2
- Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) - LiFePO4
- Lithium Magnesium Iron Phosphate (LFMP)
- Lithium Manganese Spinel (LMO/LMS)- LiMn2O4
- Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)- Li(NiCoMn)O2
- Lithium Iron Sulphide (LFS) - LiFeS
- Lithium Polymer (Li-Po)
- Lithium Nickel LiNiO2
- Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) - Li4Ti5O12
- Lithium Metal Polymer (LMP)
- Lithium Vanadium Phosphate (LVP) - Li3V2(PO4)3
- Lithium Sulphur
- Lithium Manganese Titanium (MNS)
Other battery chemistries
- Zinc-Nickel
- Nickel Sodium
- Others
- Zinc-Air
- Lithium-Air (Li-Air)
Major Advanced Battery Suppliers
- A123
- AESC
- Bollore-Batscap
- BYD
- Evonik
- Hitachi EV
- Johnson Controls-Saft
- LG Chem
- GS Yuasa
- Panasonic EV Energy (PEVE)
- Sanyo
- SB Limotive
- Valence
- Others
Ultra-Capacitors
Major Ultra-Capacitor Suppliers
- Maxwell
- Others
Flywheel energy storage
Hydraulic energy storage
Targets for ESS performance
Market Drivers
Future vehicle power requirements
- Conventional Vehicles
- Micro Hybrids
- Mild Hybrids
- Full hybrids
- Plug-in Range Hybrids
- Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREV)
- Electric Vehicles (EV)
Energy Management Strategies
Market Development Issues
The OEMs position
- BMW
- Chrysler
- Daimler
- FHI
- Fiat
- Ford
- General Motors
- Honda
- Hyundai
- Mitsubishi
- PSA Peugeot Citroen
- Renault-Nissan
- Toyota
- Volkswagen Group
- Other manufacturers
The System Suppliers position
The Cost - Benefit Relationship
Range
Taxes and incentives
Charging
Charging Infrastructure Costs
Other System Requirements
Market Forecast
- Vehicle Segmentation and Market Demand Patterns on Adoption Rates for Advanced Power Storages
Strategic Issues
- Risks Sharing
- Investment Requirements and R&D Costs
- Supply Limitations
- Standardisation
- Intellectual Property Rights
- Warranty
- Material Cost Fluctuation
- Disruptive Technology
- Supply Chain Development
- Risk and Liability
- Safety
- The Value Chain
- Rationalisation and Consolidation
Appendix 1 - Current availabilty of HEV, BEV systems in Europe, North America, Japan and Korea 2009
Appendix 2 - Technology Road map
Supplier Profiles
- A123
- Advanced Battery Technologies
- Altair Nanotechnologies
- Asahi Kasei
- Axion Power
- Bollor?(C)
- BYD
- Cobasys
- Continental
- EEStor
- Electrovaya
- Enax
- Ener1
- Energy Conversion Devices
- Evonik
- Exide Technologies
- Fiamm
- GS Yuasa
- Hitachi
- JEOL
- Johnson Controls
- LG Chem
- Lithium Technology Corporation
- LS Corporation
- Maxwell Technologies
- MOLL
- NEC-Tokin
- NessCap
- Nichicon
- Nippon Chemi-Con
- Panasonic
- Saft
- Sanyo
- SK Energy
- TDK
- Valence
List of figures
- Figure 1 Major industry drivers and stakeholders
- Figure 2 Global Short Term CO2 and Fuel Economy targets
- Figure 5 Tank/Well to wheels analysis (TTW/WTW)
- Figure 3 Well to Wheels CO2 on the Japanese 10-15 mode cycle (Total CO2 per km driving)
- Figure 4 Energy requirement kWh per km for various test cycles
- Figure 7 Overall efficiency of conventional powertrain vs electric
- Figure 6 Fuel specific and gravimetric energy density
- Figure 8 Adoption of Alternative Technologies to meet EU CO2 targets 2015/2020
- Figure 9 Simple comparison of ESS
- Figure 10 Summary of Alternative ESS (1 - Very Poor 10 Very Good)
- Figure 11 Ragone chart
- Figure 12 Detailed Ragone chart
- Figure 13 Trends in Energy Density of Batteries (Wh/kg) (Based on raw material specific energy density)
- Figure 14 Number of cycles needed by application
- Figure 15 Cycles by chemistry (Deep Discharge)
- Figure 16 Forecast energy density and estimated costs per kWh for lithium ion
- Figure 17 Battery Cell Cost (Lithium-Ion)
- Figure 18 Battery Cell Cost Reduction (Lithium Ion)
- Figure 19 Potential Evolution of Battery Costs per kWh
- Figure 20 Charge-discharge energy efficiency % of rechargeable batteries
- Figure 21 Potential Charge and Discharge Rates
- Figure 22 ESS Operating Temperatures
- Figure 23 Toyota Prius III Battery Packaging (NiMH HEV)
- Figure 24 GM Volt Battery Pack (Lithium Ion EREV)
- Figure 25 Nissan Leaf Battery Pack (Lithium Ion - EV)
- Figure 26 Comparison of Alternative ESS Self Discharge Rates
- Figure 27 Battery Weight for current applications
- Figure 28 VRLA battery components
- Figure 29 Lithium Ion Battery Construction Cylindrical/Spiral Design
- Figure 30 Lithium Ion Battery Construction Prismatic Design
- Figure 31 Major Battery Suppliers OEM Relationships
- Figure 32 Major Battery Suppliers Chemistries
- Figure 33 A123 Cell Performance Improvement
- Figure 34 Batscap LMP Battery Characteristics
- Figure 36 Johnson Controls Saft Battery Specifications
- Figure 37 PEVE Hybrid Vehicle NiMH modules
- Figure 38 PEVE Hybrid Vehicle NiMH modules
- Figure 39 Ultra-capacitor components
- Figure 40 Ultracapacitor applications requirements
- Figure 41 Typical Ultracapacitor configurations
- Figure 42 Eaton Heavy Duty Hydraulic Launch Assist
- Figure 43 METI & NEDO Battery R&D Targets
- Figure 44 EUCAR Battery Targets
- Figure 45 USABC Goals for Advanced Batteries for PHEVs
- Figure 46 USABC Goals for Advanced Batteries for HEVs
- Figure 47 Examples of vehicles with stop-start
- Figure 48 Functions of Various Drivelines
- Figure 49 Energy Storage for Current and Near Future Hybrids and EVs
- Figure 50 Energy Storage for Current and Near Future Hybrids and EVs
- Figure 50 Energy Management Strategies by vehicle type
- Figure 51 Energy Management for Driveline Types
- Figure 52 Current and Future Micro Hybrids, HEV, PHEV, BEV 2008-2010/11
- Figure 53 OEM ESS relationships and programmes
- Figure 54 Miev Cell Specifications
- Figure 55 Supplier Battery Relationships
- Figure 56 Cost vs savings 2010 Europe (Based on 5 Years (Euro))
- Figure 57 Cost vs savings 2010 US (Based on 5 Years (Euro))
- Figure 58 Cost-benefit estimates EU 2025 Over 5 Years (Euro)
- Figure 59 Distances travelled by region
- Figure 60 European CO2 penalties
- Figure 61 Incentives for Hybrids and EV purchase 2009
- Figure 62 Impact of Incentives on Economics
- Figure 63 Charging time vs power (Nissan)
- Figure 64 Market penetration scenarios 2015
- Figure 65 Market penetration scenarios 2025
- Figure 66 Energy Storage System Market Forecast
- Figure 69 Battery Alliances
- Figure 71 Selected Battery investments
- Figure 70 Government Funding and Support Programmes
- Figure 67 Risks for OEMs
- Figure 68 Value chain
- Figure 72 Availability in Europe, North America, Japan and Korea
- Figure 73 Power Storage Technology Roadmap