Photovoltaics

Global Markets and Technologies

Publication Date	December 2007
Publisher	BCC Research
Product Type	Report
Pages	176
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	BCC00186

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Summary

PVs date back to the 1950s and the advent of the space program, but the initial concerted efforts to fully develop this technology for industry and consumer use began during the oil embargoes of the 1970s. The eventual stabilization of oil prices, however, had a dampening effect on investment, tax credits, and government funding for research and development (R&D).

Despite these changes, the development of PV technology and materials continued, and in the late 1990s, R&D funding, cist-shared programs, and industry activity once again increased. Now, with the increasing demand for energy and the rising prices of fossil fuels, PV again offers assistance in meeting energy demands.

BCC Research examined this industry in a 2005 report, EGY014E-Photovoltaics: Markets and Technologies. Since the demand for energy is growing at unprecedented levels, and global climate change is demanding the development of alternatives to fossil fuels, we were interested in revisiting the state of PV technology, analyzing the major growth factors, and projecting the PV industry's growth potential.

Scope of study

This report contains:

Descriptions of various types of photovoltaics (PV) technologies including monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, thin films (e.g. amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide) and compound semiconductor materials (e.g. gallium arsenide)
Discussion of emerging approaches such as nanostructured films, dye-sensitized solar cells, and organic technologies
The current market status for PV, trends and forecasts for growth over the next 6 years
Technological issues including the latest trends and a thorough patent analysis
Analysis of the industry's manufacturing capacity and consumption by various regional markets.

Report Highlights

The global market for photovoltaics (PV) will increase from $12,908.8 million in 2007 to an estimated $16,083.3 million by the end of 2008. It should reach $32,252.3 million by 2012, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.9%.
The rapid growth of PV will be driven by the global demand for energy of all kinds, the potential problems of climate change, the renewable features of solar energy and improvements in PV technology and materials.
Silicon technology, which accounted for about 89% of the market in 2007, will continue to dominate through the end of our forecast period, but will represent only 79% of the market by 2013.

Content

Chapter 1 - Summary
- Summary Table: Global Photovoltaic Market: Module Shipments And Materials, Through 2013 (Megawatts, Millions)
- Summary Figure: Global Photovoltaic Market: Module Shipments And Materials, 2007 And 2013 ($ Millions)
Chapter 2 - Overview
- Background
- Current Environment
  - Rising Demand
  - Climate Change
  - Inadequate Reserves
    - Carbon Sequestration
    - Nuclear Power
- The Need For Solar Power
- PV Technologies
  - Balance Of Systems
    - Module Frames
    - Interconnections
    - Encapsulation
- PV Applications
Chapter 3 - Photovoltaic Industry Structure
- Leading Photovoltaic Manufacturers
- PV Manufacturing By Region
- PV Consumption By Region
- Market Shares
- Manufacturing And Developing Advanced PV Technology
- Company Profiles
  - Advent Solar Inc., Albuquerque, Nm
  - Avancis Gmbh, Torgau, Germany
  - Avancis Gmbh & Co. Kg
  - Bp Solar, Frederick, Md
  - Bp Solar Us
  - China Sunergy Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
  - Energy Photovoltaics Inc., Robbinsville, Nj
  - Evergreen Solar, Marlboro, Ma
  - First Solar Llc, Phoenix, Az
  - Isofton, Madrid, Spain
  - Kyocera Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
  - Nanosolar, Palo Alto, Ca
  - Q-Cells, Thalheim, Germany
  - Schott Solar Inc., Mainz, Germany
  - Sharp Corporation, Osaka, Japan
  - Suntech, Jiansu Province, China
  - Sunpower Corp., San Jose, Ca
Chapter 4 - Photovoltaic Technology
- The PV Effect
  - Silicon And The PV Effect
    - Creating Charge Carriers
    - Forming the Electric Field
    - Driving the Charge Carriers
    - Energy Band Gaps
- Monocrystalline Silicon Technology
  - Producing A Monocrystalline Solar Cell
    - The Importance of Electrical Contacts
- Multicrystalline Solar Cells
  - Manufacturing Multicrystalline Cells
    - Cast Process
    - Ribbon Crystal Silicon
      - The Evergreen Solar Approach
- Thin Film Solar Cells
  - Amorphous Silicon
    - Properties of Amorphous Silicon
    - Early Problems
    - Solution Efforts
  - Copper Indium Diselenide
    - Fabricating Cis Cells
    - Cis R&D
  - Cadmium Telluride Cells
    - Manufacturing Cadmium Telluride Cells
      - Environmental Concerns
    - Research Activities
- Solar Cell Efficiencies
  - Photovoltaic Conversion Efficiency Defined
  - Testing Device Performance
    - Typical Procedures
    - Spectral Responsivity Systems
    - Features and Advantages
    - Current Versus Voltage Systems
      - Features and Advantages of I-V Systems
    - Standard Outdoor Measurement Systems
  - Traditional Silicon And Thin Film Solar Cell Efficiencies
    - Single Solar Cell Efficiency Limit
- Additional Materials And Module Structures
  - Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells
    - GaAs Challenges
  - Multijunction Devices
    - Advantages of Multijunction Devices
    - Triple Junction Cell Design
  - Concentrators
- Balance Of Systems
  - Mounting Structures
  - Storage Devices
  - Power Conditioners
Chapter 5 - Emerging PV Technologies
- Objectives Of Emerging Technologies
- Back Contact Cell
  - Importance Of Lasers
- Dye-Sensitized Cells
  - Properties Of The Dye-Sensitized Cell
  - Cell Efficiencies
    - Classification
    - Fabrication
  - Advatages Of Dye-Sensitized Cells
- Quantum Dots For Solar Cells
  - Properties
    - Synthesis of Quantum Dots
  - Organic Qd-Based Solar Cells
  - Advantages Of Qd Solar Cells
  - Flexible Versus Rigid Substrates
- Nanocrystals
- Organic Photovoltaics
- Perspective Of Emerging And Traditional Technologies
  - Continuing R&D On Traditional Photovoltaics
Chapter 6 - Patent Analysis
- Patents By Technical Category
- Patents By Region
- Patents By Company
- Patent Abstracts
  - Monolithic Integration Of Cylindrical Solar Cells
  - Fabricating Interconnected Photovoltaic Cells
  - Nanostructure And Nanocomposite Based Compositions And Photovoltaic Devices
  - Process For Manufacturing A Solar Cell
  - Junction Formation For Cigs Photovoltaic Devices
  - Multijunction PV Cell With Buffer Layers For Growing Boron Compounds
  - Use Of Doped Silicon Dioxide In The Fabrication Of Solar Cells
Chapter 7 - Photovoltaic Industry Competitiveness
- U.S. Government PV Support
  - The Solar America (Sai) Initiative
    - Benefits of the Sai
  - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Nrel)
    - Primary Research Projects
    - The U.S. PV Community
    - U.S. PV Funding
- International Photovoltaics Support
  - European Activities
    - Photovoltaic Technology Research Advisory Council (PV-Trac)
      - Implementing the Vision
  - Germany'S National Program
  - European Photovoltaic Industry Association
  - Japanese PV Efforts
    - The Subsidy Program
  - Other International Support
- Standards And Safety
  - International Standards Efforts
    - The Global Approval Program (PV Gap)
      - Other Organizations
- PV Economics And Costs
  - Solar Rebates And Incentives
  - The U.S. Example
    - Federal and State PV Incentives
- PV Technology
  - Bipv A Killer App?
  - Continuing Growth Of Thin Film And Organic Products
- PV Market Growth Factors
  - Driving Forces
  - Impact Of Market Growth Factors
Chapter 8 - PV Markets
- PV Market Characteristics
  - PV Demand Continues To Grow
    - Growth Considerations
  - A Constantly Changing Industry
    - Impact of Silicon Shortage
    - More External Influence on Manufacturing Methods
    - The Push for New Technologies
  - Increased Utility Involvement
    - Feed-in Tariffs
    - Net Metering
    - Solar Electric Power Association
  - Increasing Global Energy Demand
    - Growing Global Electric Power Generation
  - PV Cost Reduction Is A Must
    - Cost Competitive Aspects
    - Future Implications
  - Summary Of PV Market Characteristics
- Current/Emerging PV Applications
  - Grid-Connected Applications
    - Distributed Generation
    - Rooftop Systems
    - Building Integrated Photovoltaics (Bipv)
      - Types of Bipv Systems
      - Other Exterior Options
  - Utility Applications
    - Utility Transmission and Distribution
    - Utility Scale PV Power
  - Off-Grid Systems
    - Off-Grid Residential PV
    - Off-Grid Industrialized or Residential PV with Generators
    - Off-Grid Communication Systems
    - PV with Battery Storage
    - Remote Village Electrification
    - Water Pumping
  - Space Applications
    - Multijunction and Concentrator Cells
  - New Applications
    - Advantages of Flexibility
  - Photovoltaic Buying Decisions
- PV Market Forces
  - Positive Factors
  - Limiting Factors
- Photovoltaic Market Projections
  - Growth Trends
  - Forecast Assumptions
- Market Forecasts
  - Monocrystalline Silicon Technology
    - Key Factors in Our Projections
  - Multicrystalline Silicon Technology
    - Major Factors in the Projection
  - Thin Film Technology
    - Flexible Cells is a Key Issue
    - Other Thin Film Considerations
      - Amorphous Silicon
      - Cadmium Telluride
      - Copper Indium Diselenide (Cis)
      - Compound Semiconductor Materials
  - Emerging Technology
    - Assumptions
  - Shipments At A Glance
    - Percent of Market
  - Value Of Shipments
    - Balance of Systems Costs
  - Shipments Of PV Modules By Application
  - Projection Summary
- Materials Projections
  - Material Classification
  - Cost Basis
  - Value Of PV Materials
Chapter 9 - Appendix I Concentrating Solar Power
- Concentrating Solar Power
  - Technology
    - The Solar Resource
  - Systems Overview
    - Parabolic Trough Systems
      - Development Plans
    - Power Tower Systems
      - Technology Status
    - Dish/Engine Systems
      - Recent Developments
      - Future Markets
    - Technology Status
  - Business And Market Opportunities
    - Market Status
      - Global Market Expands Concentrating Solar Power
  - Concentrating Solar Power Industry Structure
  - Concentrating Solar Power Cost Factors
  - Concentrating Solar Power Advantages And Limitations
    - Positive Factors
    - Limiting Factors
    - Comparison with Photovoltaic Technology
Chapter 10 - Appendix Ii Glossary
- Glossary
List of Tables
- Table 1 The Global Energy Problem
- Table 2 Advantages Of Solar Energy
- Table 3 Major Photovoltaic Technologies
- Table 4 Key Applications Of Photovoltaics
- Table 5 Leading Manufacturers Of PV Cells, Modules, And Systems
- Table 6 Global Shares Of PV Production By Region 2007-2013 (%)
- Table 7 Global Consumption Of PV Cells By Region 2007-2013 (%)
- Table 8 Estimated Global PV Production By Company, 2007 (Megawatts)
- Table 9 Selected Organizations Developing Solar Cells And Related Technologies
- Table 10 Importance Of Selecting Materials With Proper Band Gap Energy
- Table 11 Elements Common To All PV Cells
- Table 12 Major Parameters For Solar Cell Materials
- Table 13 Objectives Of Thin Film Solar
- Table 14 Major Advantages Of Amorphous Silicon
- Table 15 Amorphous Silicon R&D Activities
- Table 16 Typical Structure Of A Triple Junction A-Si Cell
- Table 17 Cell Structure Of Polycrystalline Thin Film
- Table 18 Research Activities For Cadmium Telluride
- Table 19 Systems For Measuring Spectral Response
- Table 20 Instruments For Cell I-V Measurements
- Table 21 Typical And Maximum Cell Conversion Efficiencies For The Traditional PV Materials
- Table 22 Key Properties Of Gallium Arsenide
- Table 23 Major Benefits Of Multijunction
- Table 24 Composition And Projected Efficiencies Of A Triple Junction Cell
- Table 25 Technical Characteritics Of Flat Plate Versus Solar Concentrators
- Table 26 Key Goals Of Emerging PV Technologies
- Table 27 Key Advantages Of Back Contact Cell
- Table 28 Schematic Of Dye-Sensitized Cell
- Table 29 Key Benefits Of Dye-Sensitized Cells
- Table 30 Methods Of Synthesizing Quantum Dots
- Table 31 Advantages Of Colloidal Qds Over Organic Dyes Used In PV Cells
- Table 32 Advantages Of Flexible Polymer-Based Cells Over Conventional Solar Cell Designs
- Table 33 Inorganics Used To Form Nanostructures
- Table 34 Prospects For Emerging Solar Technologies
- Table 35 Photovoltaic Patents By Technology, 2005
- Table 36 Photovoltaic Patents By Global Region, 2005-2007
- Table 37 Assignees With Three Or More Patents, 2005-2007
- Table 38 Major Benefits Of The Sai
- Table 39 Primary Nrel Research
- Table 40 U.S. Government Funding Of Photovoltaics, 1998-2007
- Table 41 Objectives Of The PV Technology Platform
- Table 42 Research And Development Concepts Of The German Photovoltaics Program
- Table 43 Benefits Of Membership In The Europan Photovoltaic Industry Association
- Table 44 Resasons For Japanese Investment
- Table 45 Qualifications For Japanese PV Subsidies
- Table 46 Additional Sources Of International PV Support
- Table 47 Standards And Conformity Assessment
- Table 48 Basic Global PV Rebates And Incentives
- Table 49 Impact Of Contributing Factors On PV Growth
- Table 50 Global Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments, 2001-2006 (Megawatts)
- Table 51 Basic 2006 Silicon Usage
- Table 52 Challenges Facing Utilities
- Table 53 Mission Of The Solar Electric Power Association
- Table 54 Global Electric Power Generation, Through 2015 (Billions Kilowatthours)
- Table 55 Average Installed Photovoltaic Efficiencies And Costs, 1995-2020
- Table 56 Summary Of PV Market Charactristics
- Table 57 Benefits Of Distributed Generation
- Table 58 Key Advantages Of Rooftop Systems
- Table 59 Typical Bipv System
- Table 60 Major Advantages Of Bipv
- Table 61 Benefits Of Building A Utility-Scale PV Plant
- Table 62 Types Of Off-Grid Residential PV Systems
- Table 63 Some Communications Systems
- Table 64 Estimated Uses Of PV On National Park Lands (%)
- Table 65 Major Advantages Of Off-Grid Village Electrification
- Table 66 Major Advantages Of PV In
- Table 67 Major Factors In PV System Buying Decisions (%)
- Table 68 Installations Of Grid-Connected Residential Systems In Japan And Germany, Through 2007 (Megawatts)
- Table 69 Current Facts Impacting PV
- Table 70 Forecast Assumptions-Growth Of PV Cells
- Table 71 Forecast-Global Shipments Of Monocrystalline Silicon Cells/Modules, Through 2013 (Megawatts)
- Table 72 Forecast-Global Shipments Of Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Through 2013 (Megawatts)
- Table 73 Forecast-Global Shipments Of Thin Film Solar Cells By Type, Through 2013 (Megawatts)
- Table 74 Forecast-Global Shipments Of PV Cells Made From Emerging Technologies, Through 2013 (Megawatts)
- Table 75 Global Shipments Of Photovoltaic Cells By Major Technology, Through 2013 (Megawatts)
- Table 76 Global Shares Of Cell/Module Shipments By Major Technology, 2007-2013 (%)
- Table 77 Global Market Value Of Cell/Module Shipments Through 2013 (Megawatts, Average Price $ Millions)
- Table 78 Global Shipments Of PV Cells By Application Through 2013 (Megawatts)
- Table 79 Global Market For Photovoltaic Cell/Module Materials By Type, Through 2013 ($ Millions)
- Table 80 Typical Operating Temperatures And Capacities For Concentrating Solar Power
- Table 81 Advantages Of Solar
- Table 82 Commercial Status Of Concentrating Solar Power Systems
- Table 83 Leading Companies In The Concentrating Solar Power Business
List of Figures
- Figure 1 Global Shares Of PV Production By Region, 2007 And 2013 (%)
- Figure 2 Global Consumption Of PV Cells By Region, 2007 And 2013 (%)
- Figure 3 Global PV Cell/Module Shipments, 2001-2007
- Figure 4 Silicon Usage By Application, 2006 (%)
- Figure 5 Global Shipments Of Moncrystalline Solar Cells, 2007-2013 (Megawatts)
- Figure 6 Global Shipments Of Multicrystalline Solar, Cells 2007-2013 (Megawatts)
- Figure 7 Global Shipments Of Thin Films PV Cells By Type, 2007-2013 (Megawatts)
- Figure 8 Global Shipments Of PV Cells Made From Emerging Technology, 2007-2013 (Megawatts)
- Figure 9 Global Shipments Of Photovoltaic Cells By Technology, 2007-2013 (Megawatts)
- Figure 10 Global Shares Of Cell/Module Shipments By Major Technology, 2007-2013 (%)
- Figure 11 Global Shipments Of PV Cells By Application, 2007-2013 (Megawatts)
- Figure 12 Global Market For Photovoltaic Cell/Module Materials By Type, 2007-2013 ($ Millions)