Biomass Report

Edition 3 - 2009

Publication Date	September 2009
Publisher	ABS Energy Research
Product Type	Report
Pages	188
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	ABS00032

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Summary

Biomass is a major source of energy supply and it is used at different levels of technology. It is the 4th largest contributor to the world’s primary energy supply (after oil, coal and natural gas) and provides four times more primary energy than hydropower. Biomass comes in many forms; wood and crop residues such as sugar cane, energy crops, sewage waste, animal dung, industrial and municipal waste, oil from plants, and many others. Wood is by far the dominant biomass source. Scientists are identifying new biomass feedstocks such as jatropha and algae, and lignocelluloses produced from cellulosic ethanol. These are outlined in the report. It can be used “directly” in “traditional” applications, as in household fires or wood burning cookers, or “indirectly” after conversion into a secondary form of energy, such as biopower and cogeneration, biodiesel or biogas. It is the only renewable that can easily be processed into these three forms of secondary energy and is the largest form of primary renewable energy. As a secondary form of energy, biomass has a much smaller share of power generation than hydro power, which accounts for 15 times more electricity. The greatest use of direct or “traditional” biomass is in the developing countries, while the developed countries lead in biomass conversion.

Outline of the report:

This report is concerned with the technologies, markets and development of biomass energy, both primary and secondary. Indirect use is the focus of much technological development both in the industrialised and the developing countries. Resources are enormous and constantly being renewed, either as forest or crop residue, the commercial cultivation of energy crops, and through the wastes generated from organic and industrial sources. The report has more extensive quantified information than in the last edition, with historical profiles of the 25 major biomass-using countries. Detailed sections of the report provide surveys of principal biomass technologies and feedstocks together with their usage:

Biofuels, including bioethanol and biodiesel, with extensive coverage and discussion of the issues in the bioethanol industries in the USA and Brazil and biodiesel in Europe.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), with surveyes of the main markets in Europe, the US, India, Japan and China.
Landfill gas, with surveys of the US, Europe and China.
Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of many waste feedstocks.
Biopower, with outlines of the production technologies and historical data of generating capacity in the US and Europe from 2000 to 2007.

Environmental issues are discussed in the report, including national positions and a brief discussion of the controversy surrounding the misuses of data by promoters of the global warming concept.

Content

Executive Summary
Regional usage and development
Usage patterns
New feedstocks – second generation feedstocks
Technologies and transformation
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Charcoal production
Briquetting and pelletising
Biofuels for transportation
Bioheat
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
LFG (Landfill Gas)
Biopower
Biomass legislation

1. Introduction

2. Biomass as a primary fuel
TPES - Total Primary Energy Supply
TFEC - Total Final Energy Consumption
The Fuel Ladder
Urban usage
Future primary energy production and consumption
Bioenergy power generation

3. Benefits and constraints of bioenergy
Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy

4. Biomass resources
Agricultural crops
Energy cropping

5. Biomass conversion technologies
Direct use
- Cogeneration

Transformation

Electricity generation
- Conventional steam boiler
- Co-firing
- Anaerobic digestion
- Pyrolysis
- Charcoal production
- Briquetting and pelletising
- Modular systems

Biofuels for transportation
-Ethanol
-Biodiesel
-Bio refineries

Bio-based products

Technology developments

6. Biomass usage and technologies
Biomass electricity and heat
Biomass heat
Technology for biomass heat
Domestic heat production
Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating
District heating
Industrial use of biomass electricity and heat
European competitiveness
Market characteristics
Infrastructure constraints
USA
Rest of world
Liquid biofuels
Technology and Feedstocks
Jatropha
Ligno-cellulose
Waste
Algae
Biofuel production
Markets
Food versus fuel
Ethanol
USA
Fiscal stimulus
Motor fuel applications for ethanol in the US
Brazil
EU
Biodiesel
Biofuels Developments at the EU Member State Level
USA
EPAct 1992
EPAct 2005
Biodiesel Tax Credit
Credit Trading Programme
State incentives for use of biodiesel
International incentives for proportion of biodiesel
Australia
Thailand:
Malaysia:
Technology and feedstocks for ethanol and biodiesel
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Environmental impacts
Manpower requirements
Market position
Brazil, USA, EU competitiveness
Ethanol
Biodiesel
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
Technology
Waste reduction
Environmental issues
Recession
PFIs (Private Finance Initiatives)
Private Sector Involvement
Evolution of Cost and Technical Performance of MSWC
Global picture
EU
Waste policy in Europe
East Asia
Japan
China
India
Pacific
South and Central America
www.absenergyresearch.com
Future prospects
Landfill gas
Environment
Technology
Landfill gas market
EU
EU environmental regulations
USA
Developing Countries and CERs
Africa
China
Other East Asia and Pacific
South West Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Market problems
Future prospects for landfill gas
Biogas
Biopower
Technology
Conventional steam cycle plant
Gasification and other advanced processes
Co-firing with fossil fuels
Advantages of co-firing
Disadvantages of co-firing
Regional development
United States
Europe
Brazil

7. Regional and national biomass market and technology review

United States
-Biomass Consumption by Energy Source and Use Sector
-Biomass Resources
-Electricity generation from biomass

Canada
-Transformation
-Electricity generation
-Biofuel
-Equipment for biomass power generation
-National market characteristics in the EU

Austria
-Biomass R&D

Finland
-Biomass R&D

France

Germany
-Biomass R&D

Italy
-Biomass R&D

Norway

Spain
-Biomass R&D

Sweden
-Biomass R&D

Turkey

CIS

Russia

Asia Pacific

Australia

China
-Biomass R&D and technology development
-New technologies developed in China
-New energy fuels and products under development
-Government support

South Asia
India
Bangladesh
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
-Government support
Japan
Malaysia
-Government support
Pakistan
Philippines
-Government support
Thailand
-Government support
Vietnam
-Biomass R&D and government support

Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Africa

8. Environmental issues
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
Kyoto Protocol
Status of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Annex 1 countries December 31, 2006
The “Hockey Stick Effect” and the “Medieval Warming”
Comment on Climate Report 2001 and Paris Report 2007
USA environmental legislation
EU Environmental Directives
LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
ETS - Emissions Trading Directive
IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive
EU Biofuels Directive
The EU Landfill Directive
Hazardous Waste Directive
Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC) (implemented December 2002)
Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC)
End of Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) (implemented April 2002)
The technology and other abatement measures for carbon dioxide - CO2
Carbon sequestration
Sleipner Project

9. Comments on biomass statistics

10. Sources