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Analyzing Organic Photovoltaics

Publication Date July 2009
Publisher Aruvian's R'search
Product Type Report
Pages 200
ISBN Number not applicable
Product Code ARU04118
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Summary

The Sun, believed by the mankind to be just a mere centerpiece of the solar system in which we live is in reality not just a unit but an entire symphonic system which was in place much before the first humans ever walked on planet earth. This system which has been the primary energy source for origin of life on earth is in fact very well adequately positioned by nature to fulfill the needs of energy for humans for many more centuries to come.

An effort by humans to harness this abundant source of energy available around us has manifested in the form solar energy being converted to many applications as diverse as heat channelizing, electricity conversion, electro mechanical applications and many more as these. The dream of solar energy for human applications was realized in the early part of this century by the invention of solar cells which when arranged in photovoltaic arrays deliver power for bigger applications.

The next leap of invention in this direction is “Organic Photovoltaics”. Aruvian Research’s report Analyzing Organic Photovoltaics earmarks the immense potential that this technology holds for the future of mankind and the crucial impact it will have on the process of introduction of solar energy into large scale arenas of the industrialized economies.

An organic photovoltaic cell is a cell which applies organic materials for light absorption and subsequent charge transport which is aided by its core model of low cost, production scalability and flexibility at the molecular level. The fine process of chemical tuning is achieved in this by varying the lengths and functional groups of polymers which allows the management of the energy gap. Organic molecules however are also not completely bereft of their disadvantages as well.

Aruvian Research’s report on Analyzing Organic Photovoltaics initiates with a strong theoretical understanding of the Solar Cell system and their subsequent propagation into photovoltaic systems including their applications derived from generational leaps as first to third generation cells. The report presents the entire gamut of PV cells in a structured family tree for easy interpretation and also delves into the applications of PV Technology in isolated environment.

One of the critical factors affecting PV systems is nature and Aruvian Research’s report also examines the effects of various factors as Sunlight, Weather, Temperature as well as cloudy weather. In this context the report provides a picture of the global markets for PV solar cells and the commercial aspect is explored in the profiling of the markets as well as the statistics as growth patterns on the production side. The report also explores the commercialization potential and future for the market for PV conditions.

The environmental impact of any technology system has also been examined even though Solar PV systems are as close to addressing environmental concerns as possible through instances as a typical SWH system will, over its lifetime, displace 10.5 tons of CO2 if replacing a natural gas system, or 71.5 tons if replacing an electric system.  

Aruvian Research’s report also devotes an entire in depth section to the technical aspects of organic PV systems including their history as well as mechanism, general operation principles and the new innovations in architecture design of Organic PV cells which have opened up new markets for OPV systems. These are further explained in the efficient design choices of various donor and acceptor molecules and new ideas contributed in this field.  The report also addresses a natural query of comparisons between Organic PV cells and traditional PV cells as also the factors which impact the production of organic PV cells. The organic PV systems are subjected to the efficiency factors as well as the cost factor in implementing these systems which are some of the challenges explained in this report to improving and fine tuning the performance of OPV systems.

The report further analyzes the processing techniques of Organic PV cells and various types of concentrators as well as antenna photovoltaic cells. In order to address the efficiency factors which impact the Organic PV systems the report examines the application on nanostructures to this with a complete overview on the two major techniques in use today. There have been efforts to increase the longevity of OPV cells with the application of Exciton Blocking layers being added in order to ensure maximum mileage from any system implemented.  

Aruvian Research’s report also provides a comprehensive look into the US National Solar Technology Roadmap on Organic PV which communicates the intent and the thoroughness of effort being put by the US behind OPV technologies. The report further adds depth to practical understanding of OPV systems by providing two case studies on OPV cells. Leading industry contributors which have globally made an impact on this industry are also elaborated in this report.

Aruvian Research’s report Analyzing Organic Photovoltaics is a very comprehensive tool for understanding this technology in a in depth manner and deliver thought provoking views on the marvels of this field which is nature’s helping hand lent to mankind in order to preserve a way of life which is sustainable as well as in sync with our environment.

Content

A. Executive Summary

B. Introduction to Photovoltaics
B.1 Overview
B.2 Historical Background of Solar Cells
B.3 Looking at Solar Electricity
B.4 Photovoltaic Systems
B.5 Looking at the Balance of System (BOS)
B.6 Analyzing the 3 Generations of Photovoltaic Cells
B.6.1 First Generation PV Cells
B.6.2 Second Generation PV Cells
B.6.3 Third Generation PV Cells
B.7 What are Concentrator Cells?
B.8 Analyzing Concentrated Photovoltaics
B.9 Applications of Solar Cells
B.10 Types of Solar Cells
B.11 PV Technology in Isolated Generation
B.12 Looking at Thin Film Solar Cells
B.13 PV Family Tree - A Diagrammatic Representation

C. Global Market Overview of Solar PV Cells
C.1 Market Profile
C.2 Market Size
C.3 Growth Patterns of the Market
C.4 Market Statistics - Production Side
C.5 Commercialization Potential & Market Development
C.6 Future of the Market

D. Conditions Impacting the Performance of Solar PV Cells
D.1 Sunlight Conditions
D.2 Weather Conditions
D.2.1 Cold Weather
D.2.2 Cloudy Weather
D.3 Environmental Impact of Solar PV Cells
D.3.1 Overview
D.3.2 Greenhouse Gases
D.3.3 Usage of Cadmium
D.3.4 Energy Payback Time

E. Analyzing Solar Photovoltaic System Performance

F. Analyzing Production of PV Cell & Module

G. Analyzing Organic Photovoltaics
G.1 Overview
G.2 Emergence of New PV Materials
G.3 Emergence of Organic PV
G.4 History of Organic PV Cells
G.4.1 Single Layer OPV Cell
G.4.2 Bilayer OPV Cells
G.4.3 Bulk Heterojunction OPV Cells
G.5 Looking at Organic Photovoltaic Materials
G.6 Development of New Materials for Organic PV
G.7 General Operation and Construction
G.8 Mechanism of Organic PV Cells
G.9 General Working Principle
G.10 Device Physics of Organic Blend PV Cells
G.11 Junction Types for Organic PV Cells
G.11.1 Dispersed Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells
G.11.2 Multilayer Organic Photovoltaic Cells
G.11.3 Single Layer Organic Photovoltaic Cell
G.12 Impact of Film Morphology
G.13 Dealing with Controlled Growth Heterojunction
G.14 Progress in Growth Techniques
G.15 Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
G.16 Organic Vapor Phase Deposition
G.17 Efficiency Developments in Organic PV Cells
G.18 Looking at the Innovative Architecture of Organic PV Cells
G.19 Markets for Organic PV
G.20 Future Challenges

H. Organic Cell Architectures and Review
H.1 Overview
H.2 Single Layer Devices
H.3 Donor-Acceptor Bilayer Devices
H.4 Donor-Acceptor Blend Devices

I. Organic PV Cells versus Traditional Solar Cells

J. Design and Choice of Efficient Donor and Acceptor Molecules

J.1 Overview
J.2 Donor Molecules
J.3 Acceptor Molecules
J.4 New Ideas
J.5 Present-day Challenges

K. Factors Impacting the Production of Organic PV Cells
K.1 Overview
K.2 Efficiency Factor
K.3 Lifetime Period
K.4 Cost Factor
K.5 Summing Up

L. Challenges Facing Organic PV Cells
L.1 Overview
L.2 Thin Film Heterojunctions
L.3 Dye Sensitized or Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells

M. Improving Organic PV Cell Performance
M.1 Overview
M.2 Bandgap Tuning of Semiconducting Organics and Tandem Cells
M.3 Nanostructured PV Cell
M.4 High Mobility Semiconducting Organics

N. Analysis of Processing Techniques for Organic PV Cells
N.1 Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL)
N.2 Spin Casting
N.3 Vacuum Evaporation

O. Analyzing Antenna Organic PV Cells
O.1 Overview
O.2 Organic Materials
O.3 Looking at the Antenna Architecture
O.4 Looking at Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP)
O.5 Excitation Efficiency of Organic Solar Cell SPP
O.6 Resultant Energy Transfer from Antenna Excitons
O.7 R&D of Antenna Organic Photodetectors
O.8 R&D of Antenna Organic PV Cells
O.9 Cavity Antenna Organic PV Cells
O.10 Future of Antenna Photovoltaics

P. Analyzing Organic Solar Concentrators
P.1 Looking at Solar Concentrators
P.2 Concept of Fluorescent Concentrators
P.3 Restrictions on Optical Concentration
P.3.1 Looking at Inelastic Processes
P.3.2 Looking at Elastic Processes
P.4 Looking at Organic Solar Concentrators
P.5 Thermal Performance of Organic Solar Concentrators

Q. Making Organic PV Cells more Efficient with Ordered Nanostructures
Q.1 Overview
Q.2 History
Q.3 Nanosphere Lithography Technique
Q.4 Block Copolymer Lithography Technique
Q.5 Summing Up

R. Increasing the Longevity of Organic PV Cells with Exciton Blocking Layers (EBLs)
R.1 Overview
R.2 Looking at Single Cells
R.3 Looking at PV Cells
R.4 Analyzing Results of Single Cells versus PV Cells
R.4.1 Single Cells
R.4.2 PV Cells
R.4.2.1 Bathocuproine
R.4.2.2 Bathophenanthroline
R.4.2.3 Tris-8-Hydroxy-Quinolinato Aluminum
R.4.2.4 NBPhen Cells
R.5 Summing Up

S. Looking at the US National Solar Technology Roadmap on Organic PV

T. Case Study: Increasing the Life of Organic Solar Cells with Boron Nitride Nanotube-Loaded Polymer

U. Case Study: Synthesis of Oligo Phenylene Vinylenes for Organic PV Cells - A Diagrammatic Representation

V. Leading Industry Contributors
V.1 Akeena Solar, Inc    
V.2 Amonix Incorporated    
V.3 ArcticSolar AB    
V.4 Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc    
V.5 ASE Americas Inc    
V.6 Asia Silicon Co., Qinghai    
V.7 AstroPower Inc    
V.8 Atlantis Energy Inc    
V.9 Baodiang Tianwei Yingli Green Energy Solar Company    
V.10 Big Sun Energy    
V.11 BP Solar International    
V.12 Canadian Solar Inc.    
V.13 Canon    
V.14 Central Electronics Ltd.    
V.15 China Solar Power (Holdings) Ltd.    
V.16 China Sunergy    
V.17 China Xianjiang SunOasis Ltd.    
V.18 CSG Holding    
V.19 Deutsche Solar AG    
V.20 Ebara Solar    
V.21 Elkem    
V.22 Entech Inc    
V.23 EPV Energy Photovoltaics Inc    
V.24 Ersol    
V.25 Ertex Solar    
V.26 Evergreen Solar, Inc    
V.27 Ever-Q    
V.28 First Solar    
V.29 Free Energy Europe S.A.    
V.30 Global Solar    
V.31 GT Solar    
V.32 HelioVolt Corporation    
V.33 Konarka Technologies, Inc    
V.34 Kyocera Solar    
V.35 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation    
V.36 Nanosolar    
V.37 Odersun AG    
V.38 Photowatt International    
V.39 PowerLight Corporation    
V.40 Sanyo Electric    
V.41 Sharp Electronics    
V.42 Shell Solar    
V.43 Siemens Solar    
V.44 Solibro GmbH    
V.45 Solyndra    
V.46 Spire Corporation    
V.47 SunPower Corporation    
V.48 TerraSolar, Inc.    
V.49 United Solar Ovonic    

W. Appendix
W.1 Cost Economics of Solar Photovoltaics    
W.1.1 Overview
W.1.2 Financing
W.1.3 Price Trends of PV Systems
W.1.4 Dealing with the High Cost of PV Modules
W.1.5 Looking at Transmission Costs
W.1.6 Analyzing the Financial Incentives
W.2 PEST Framework Analysis: Global Solar Photovoltaic Industry
W.2.1 Political Aspects
W.2.2 Economic Aspects
W.2.3 Social Aspects
W.2.4 Technological Aspects
W.3 Manufacturers of Solar Photovoltaics
W.5 Figures & Tables

X. Glossary of Terms

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