The Geothermal Report - Market Research Report

Publication Date	July 2009
Publisher	ABS Energy Research
Product Type	Report
Pages	128
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	ABS00054

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Summary

Power generation from geothermal energy attracted more interest in 2008 and although it has been buffeted by the ill economic winds, it looks set to move forward when recovery commences. It will be aided by the fiscal stimulus packages. Of particular interest is the relatively new application, GSHP, ground source heat pumps, which is making rapid progress in the United States and Sweden, and is being taken up in other countries. This is a technology of the future and we predict that it will make fast progress.

The geothermal market is composed of three sectors with different technologies. Geothermal energy can be harvested in two ways, direct use of hot water or steam from low enthalpy deposits for space heating or industrial use such as aquaculture, thermal baths and hot springs, and indirect use which transforms the energy in high and medium enthalpy deposits into electricity in geothermal power generation plants. A third category is the increasingly important sub-category of direct use, the ground source heat pump (GSHP).

The geothermal market is expanding, although it has not escaped the effects of the financial crisis in the short term. Big ticket investment in renewable energy has been hit by the 2008/9 global recession. Working off a low base, it might be argued that geothermal investment has not taken the same type of knock as, for example, wind power. However, the long list of projects at early stages in the United States which we include in this report suggests that the process of installing geothermal resource has at least slowed.

The global installed capacity of geothermal power generation at 2007 was 9,732 MW, of which 8,590 MW was running. Six countries account for 81% of the geothermal generation capacity in the world, a small decrease since 2005, reflecting the broadening horizons of geothermal power generation. The USA is first with 2,687 MW (1,935 MW operational), followed by Philippines (1,969 MW, 1,855 MW operational); four countries (Mexico, Italy, Indonesia, Japan) had capacity at the end of 2004 in the range of 500 - 1000 MW each. Growth hot spots by output in 2007 were Papua New Guinea (833%), Iceland (109% between 2005 and 2007), Turkey (90%), Guatemala (61%), Portugal (44%, The Azores) and El Salvador (35%).

Report Scope

The report describes the world-wide geothermal energy industry and its markets, and the technologies, in three segments; power generation, direct use and an increasingly important category, ground source heat pumps.

The report contains more extensive statistics about GSHP.

This report provides an excellent introduction and understanding of the three technologies for exploiting geothermal energy; power generation, GSHPs (ground source heat pumps), direct use (excluding GSHPs)
It the industry????s development and use of technology, power generation, efficiency and location of resources
It provides an overview of geothermal energy, capacity and utilisation
The geothermal power industry is reviewed looking at the power operators and equipment manufacturers
Geothermal revenue and costs are analysed, including generation, construction and equipment costs
The report looks at country use and development of geothermal energy with an analysis of the major market places ??V North America, Central America & Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Africa
A listing of major geothermal manufacturers with address and telephone and fax numbers where available is provided at the end of the report

The report highlights developments in the geothermal market and pinpoints regions which are developing geothermal capacity. Developments have been quite substantial in the last year, and these are outlined, including company changes.The report also contains extensive statistics about GSHP.

Content

1. Executive Summary
- USA
- Philippines
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Mexico
- Japan
- Other Countries
2. Introduction to Geothermal Energy
- The Development of Geothermal Energy Use
- Direct Low Enthalpy Use of Geothermal Energy
- Source: Iea
- Geothermal Heat Pumps (Ghp), Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Indirect Use of Geothermal Energy for Power Generation
- Technology of Geothermal Power Generation
- Dry Steam
- Flash Steam
- Binary Cycle
- Hot Dry Rock/Enhanced Geothermal Systems (Hdr)
- Geothermal Energy Efficiency
- Location of Resources
3. Overview of Geothermal Energy Capacity & Utilisation
- Geothermal Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Geothermal Electricity Generation
- Geothermal Generation Potential
- Technology
4. Geothermal Power Industry
- Geothermal Power Operators in The US
- Calpine
- Calenergy
- Chevron
- Ormat Technologies Inc
- A Note on Caithness Energy
- Smaller Operators
- Geothermal Equipment Manufacturers
- USA
- Japan
- Gemany
- France
- Italy
- Russia
5. Geothermal Revenue and Costs ??V Generation, Construction and Equipment Sales
- Revenue from Geothermal Electricity Sales
- Capital Costs for Building Geothermal Power Plants
- Indirect Costs
- Operating and Maintenance Costs
- Cost Comparisons with Other Generation Technologies
- Geothermal Generation Equipment Market
6. Country Use and Development of Geothermal Energy
- United States
- Geothermal Power Generation
- The Geysers
- Existing Installations and Active Geothermal Projects in The United States
- Proposed Installations
- Source: Gea
- Source: Gea
- Current Industry Outlook
- Geothermal Resources of The USA
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
- Federal Government Programmes/Incentives
- Canada
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Mexico
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Recent Power Development
- Geothermal Fields
- Geothermal Generation Plants
- Future Developments
- Direct Use
7. Asia
- Indonesia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Resource Potential
- Geothermal Plants
- Field Development and Contractor Status
- Pertamina
- Unocal/Chevron
- Amoseas
- Caithness and Florida Power & Light
- California Energy
- Asia Power Ltd
- Pt. Wahana Komunikatama
- Geothermal Contracts Concluded
- Prices
- Regional Autonomy
- Law and Regulation ??V Insufficient Legal Protection
- Contractual Arrangements
- Joint Operation Contract (Joc)
- Energy Sales Contract (Esc)
- New Geothermal Guidelines
- Developments in 2006
- Direct Use
- Japan
- Geothermal Power Generation
- First Generation (Mid 1960s - Mid 1970s)
- Second Generation (Mid 1970s - Mid 1980s)
- Third Generation (Mid 1980s - Present)
- Future Prospects
- Government Support
- Research and Development by The Government
- Direct Use
- Korea
- Direct Use
- Installed Direct Use Power Rose Dramatically from 2005, Reaching 73.3 Mw in 2007
- from A Negligible Base in 2004
- Source: Iea
- Papua New Guinea
- Source: Ghc Bulletin
- Geothermal Power Development Is Focussed on The Island of Lihir, 900km Northeast
- of The Capital, The Initiative Linked to Gold Mining. after An Initial 6 Mw Back-Pressure
- Plant Was Constructed in 2003, A New 50 Mw Station Has Been Commissioned,
- Comprising One 30 Mw Unit and Two 10 Mw Units. 75% of The Mine????s Needs Are
- Provided by Geothermal Electricity, Saving $40m in 2007, Replacing Heavy Fuel Oil and
- Generating ??g3m Pa in Carbon Credits
- Philippines
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Chronology of Development of Geothermal Power in The Philippines
- Geothermal Plants
- Mak-Ban
- Tiwi
- Leyte
- Mak-Ban
11 Plants (10 Flash Units and One Binary Plant) Totalling 458 Mw
- Mindanao
- Palinpinon
- Direct Use
- China, People????s Republic
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Geothermal District Heating
- Geothermal Greenhouses
- Geothermal Aquaculture Feeding and Breeding
- Hot Spring Baths, Medical Care, and Hot Spring Entertainment
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Mongolia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- New Zealand
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Future Developments
- Direct Use
- Geothermal Resources
8. Europe
- Albania
- Austria
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Belgium
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Bulgaria
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Croatia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Czech Republic
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Denmark
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Finland
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- France
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Georgia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Germany
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Source: Iea
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- New Production Capacity
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Hungary
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Iceland
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Italy
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Lithuania
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Macedonia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Netherlands
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Norway
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Poland
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Portugal and The Azores
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Romania
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Russian Federation
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Serbia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Slovak Republic
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Slovenia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Spain
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Sweden
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp)
- Switzerland
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Turkey
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- UK
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ukraine
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
9. Central America and Caribbean
- Costa Rica
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Future Development
- Direct Use
- Dominica
- El Salvador
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Future Development
- Direct Use
- Grenada
- Guadeloupe
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Guatemala
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Honduras
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Nicaragua
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Future Development
- Economic Benefits of Geothermal Energy for Nicaragua
- Geothermal Master Plan for Nicaragua
- El Najo-Santa Isabel
- San Jacinto-Tizate
- Geothermal Rural Electrification
- Draft of Geothermal Law
- Main Concepts of The Draft Legislation:
- Direct Use
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and The Grenadines
10. Africa
- Kenya
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
- Ethiopia
- Geothermal Power Generation
- Direct Use
11. Sources and Acknowledgements
12. Geothermal Manufacturers
Figures
- Figure 2.1: Leading Countries for Direct Use, 2006
- Figure 2.2: Gshp Principles
- Figure 2.3: Loop Designs for Gshp
- Figure 2.4: Commerical Application of Ground Source Heat Pumps Pumps
- Figure 2.5: Geothermal Power Plant
- Figure 2.6: Schematic Diagram of A Dry Steam Power Plant
- Figure 2.7: Flash Steam Power Plant
- Figure 2.8: The Calenergy Navy I Flash Geothermal Power Plant at The Coso Geothermal Field
- Figure 2.9: Binary Cycle Geothermal Power Plant
- Figure 2.10: The Mammoth Pacific Binary Geothermal Power Plants at The Casa Diablo Geothermal Field
- Figure 2.11: The Schematic Layout of The Soultz-Sous-Forets Hdr Plant
- Figure 2.12: The Geothermal Resource
- Figure 2.13: World High Temperature Geothermal Areas
- Figure 3.1: Development of Direct Use of Geothermal Energy, 1995 to 2005
- Figure 3.2: Share of Capacity by Segment 1995
- Figure 3.3: Share of Capacity by Segment 2005
- Figure 3.4: Electricity Generating Capacity (Mw) from Geothermal Energy, 1975 to 2007
- Figure 3.5: Geothermal Power Generation Installed Capacity (Mw), 2000 and 2005
- Figure 3.6: Geothermal Plant Capacity by Technology, 2005
- Figure 6.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), United States
- Figure 6.2: Ncpa Power Plant 2 at The Geysers, Winter 2005
- Figure 6.3: Geothermal Resources in The United States
- Figure 6.4: Unit Sales of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp) in The United States,
- Figure 6.5: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Capacity (Mw), United States
- Figure 6.6: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Mexico
- Figure 6.7: Geothermal Fields in Mexico
- Figure 7.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Indonesia
- Figure 7.2: Geothermal Resources in Indonesia
- Figure 7.3: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Japan
- Figure 7.4: List of Existing Geothermal Power Plants
- Figure 7.5: Location of Geothermal Resources
- Figure 7.6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), Korea
- Figure 7.7: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Papua New Guinea
- Figure 7.8: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), The Philippines
- Figure 7.9: Geothermal Service Contract Areas of The Philippines
- Figure 7.10: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), China
- Figure 7.11: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), New Zealand
- Figure 8.1: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), Austria
- Figure 8.2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), Denmark
- Figure 8.3: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), Finland
- Figure 8.4: Development of Geothermal Capacity, France
- Figure 8.5: Soultz-Sous- Forets Project Overview
- Figure 8.6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), France
- Figure 8.7: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Germany
- Figure 8.8: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), Germany
- Figure 8.9: Sales of Gshp Units in Germany, 1996 to 2005
- Figure 8.10: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Iceland
- Figure 8.11: One of The Geothermally Heated Swimming Pools in Iceland
- Figure 8.12: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Italy
- Figure 8.13: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Portugal & The Azores
- Figure 8.14: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Russia
- Figure 8.15: Some Geothermal Areas in The Russian Federation
- Figure 8.16: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), Sweden
- Figure 8.17: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (Mw), Switzerland
- Figure 8.18: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Turkey
- Figure 9.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Costa Rica
- Figure 9.2: Geothermal Resources in Costa Rica
- Figure 9.3: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), El Salvador
- Figure 9.4: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Guatemala
- Figure 9.5: Geothermal Fields in Guatemala
- Figure 9.6: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Nicaragua
- Figure 10.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Kenya
- Figure 10.2: Development of Geothermal Capacity (Mw), Ethiopia
List of tables
- Table 2.1: Expected Capacity Factors
- Table 3.1: Direct Use of Geothermal Energy by Country, 1995-2005
- Table 3.2: Uses of Direct Thermal Energy by Type of Use, Capacity (Mw), and Utilisation (Tj),
- Table 3.3: Geothermal Direct Use in Gia Member Countries in 2007
- Table 3.4: Installed Capacity of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp) by Major Country, 2006
- Table 3.5: Number of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Gshp) by Major Country, 2006
- Table 3.6: Quantity & Capacity of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in European Union 2006
- Table 3.7: Annual Number of Installed Units in Key European Markets 2003 ??V 2006
- Table 3.8: Top Six Countries Growth 2005 ??V 2007, Growth Hot Spots
- Table 3.9: Geothermal Installed Power Capacity and Running Capacity by Country,
- Table 3.10: Geothermal Plants by Technology: Units, Capacity (Mw), and Average Capacity,2005
- Table 4.1: Calpine Geothermal Plants 2008
- Table 5.1: Direct Capital Costs (US$/Kw Installed Capacity)
- Table 5.2: Unit Cost of Power (US??f/Kwh)
- Table 5.3: Operating and Maintenance Costs
- Table 5.4: Capital Cost Comparisons by Technology
- Table 5.5: Current Estimate Cost of 100 Mw Geothermal Development
- Table 6.1: Installed Geothermal Generating Capacity (Mw) in USA by State, 2008
- Table 6.2: Geothermal Plants in The USA 2005
- Table 6.3: Ongoing Projects in United States by Phase 2008
- Table 6.4: Ongoing Projects by State in US
- Table 6.5: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in Mexico, 2003
- Table 7.1: Indonesia Geothermal Proven Reserves (Mw)
- Table 7.2: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in Indonesia
- Table 7.3: Plns Esc Prices
- Table 7.4: Geothermal Power Plant Development Projects
- Table 7.5: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in Japan, 2001
- Table 7.6: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in China, 2001
- Table 7.7: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in New Zealand, 2001
- Table 8.1: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in Iceland, 2007
- Table 8.2: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in Italy, 2000
- Table 8.3: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in The Azores, Portugal, 2001
- Table 8.4: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in Russia, December 2004
- Table 9.1: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in El Salvador, 2001
- Table 9.2: Geothermal Power Generation Plants in Guatemala, 2007
- Table 9.3: Geothermal Lease Areas