Renewable Energy Report Ed 2 2006

Publication Date	January 2006
Publisher	ABS Energy Research
Product Type	Report
Pages	222
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	ABS00051

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Summary

Renewable energy (RE) is a significant resource, a resource of contrasts. This report pulls the various resources into a coherent picture. The contribution and characteristics of each resource are examined and the technologies are explained. The status of industrial development is described for each resource and the markets are evaluated and those in commercial development are sized and the manufacturing industry for each technology is outlined.

Content

Introduction
Overview Of Renewable Energy
- Renewable energy in world primary energy supply
- TPES - Total Primary Energy Supply
- Hydro power
- Wind power
- Solar photovoltaic energy
- Solar thermal energy
- Biomass energy
- Geothermal energy
- Ocean energy conversion
- Hybrids
- Fuel cells
- Hydrogen economy
- Distributed generation
- Renewable energy issues
- Cost
- Competition to renewables
Hydropower
- Overview of hydropower
- Technical Background
- Small Hydro Plants (SHP)
- Turbine technologies for small-, mid- and large-scale hydro plants
- Pelton Turbine
- Francis Turbine
- Bulb Turbine
- Propeller or Kaplan Turbine
- Environmental concerns
- The potential size of the hydroelectric market
- Europe
- Austria
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Italy
- Romania
- Norway
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- The Non Fossil Fuel Obligation
- CIS
- Georgia
- Kazakhstan
- Russia
- North America
- Canada
- Small Hydro Technology Development in Canada
- United States
- Mexico
- South and Central America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Panama
- Venezuela
- Peru
- Developing Asia
- China
- The current status of SHP in China
- SHP practice and experience in China
- Decentralised development and management mechanism focusing on local stakeholders
- Policy stimulates development
- Funding sources
- Joint investment
- Loans and Grants
- Close relationship with rural electrification programme
- Emphasis on cost-effective SHP technology
- Local grid development and SHP own supply area
- Some obstacles to further development
- Size matters
- Known ownership
- India
- Nepal
- Water resources
- Energy sector
- Hydropower development
- Small hydro in Nepal
- Bhutan
- Papua New Guinea
- Hydropower development
- Vietnam
- Laos
- Malaysia
- Industrialised Asia Pacific
- Changes in National Energy Policy
- Hydropower capacity and energy production
- New Zealand
- Africa
- Middle East
Wind Power
- Overview of wind power
- Recent developments
- Technical background of wind power
- Types of modern wind turbine
- Energy production
- Wind farms
- Small wind turbines
- Environmental aspects
- Noise
- Birds
- Visual effects
- Integration into supply networks
- The wind power market
- The development of wind power
- Wind power electricity costs
- Project, operation and maintenance costs
- The benefits
- Higher wind speeds
- The challenges - offshore: costs
- Economies of scale
- Megawatt turbine size
- Larger wind farms, from 100 MW
- New foundation technologies
- Gravity foundations
- Mono pile foundations
- Tripod foundations
- Reusing foundations
- Projects in the pipeline
- The future market for wind power
- North America
- India and China
- Rest of the world
- Historical development of wind power
- Large wind turbines
- Investment
- Major Country Profiles
- Denmark
- History
- Market size
- Germany
- History
- Market size
- Market share Germany
- Future targets
- Wind turbine size
- Spain
- History
- Market size
- Annual investment in wind power
- Spanish utility in wind deals
- Manufacturing industry
- Wind turbine size
- Future targets
- Spanish incentives
- United Kingdom
- Market size
- Future targets
- United States
- History
- Market size
- Outlook
- Future targets
- Cost of wind energy generation
- US manufacturer developments
- India
- History
- Market size
- Future targets
- Cost
- Manufacturing in India
- China
- History
- Future targets
- Offshore wind power
- Wind turbine size
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Wind power manufacturers
- Manufacturers' market shares
- Wind farm developers and owners
- Manufacturing base
- The return of the heavyweights
Solar Pv
- Overview of soalr photovoltaics (PV)
- Japan
- USA
- Europe
- Germany
- Rest of the world
- Technical background
- Solar energy
- Solar photovoltaics (PV)
- Solar cell materials
- Conditions of Use
- Cloud conditions
- Isolated generation
- PV and the environment
- Applications of Solatr PV technology
- Buildings as energy systems and collectors of solar energy
- PV with Battery Storage
- Balance of System: Storage
- PV with Generators
- PV Connected to Utilities
- Utility-Scale Power
- Production of Solar PV cells
- Japanese companies
- US Companies
- European companies
- Products
- Future trends
- Government and industry support programmes
- Prices
Country Profiles
- Japan
- Installed capacity of solar PV
- Manufacturing
- Market Development
- Government support
- Utilities
- USA
- Installation
- Grid-connected sector
- The off-grid commercial/industrial sector
- The government sector
- The on-grid distributed sector
- Market development
- Government support
- Europe
- Germany
- Finland
- France
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Portugal
- Spain
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- Rest of the world
- Australia
- Canada
- China
- India
- Indonesia
- Israel
- Kenya
- Korea (Republic)
- Mexico
- South Africa
- Thailand
Solar Thermal Power
- Overview of solar thermal power
- Technical background of solar thermal energy
- Solar energy
- Parabolic trough
- Central receiver systems - solar tower
- Parabolic dish systems
- Solar chimney power plants
- The Solar thermal market
- Large-scale solar thermal electricity generation
- Central solar thermal
- China
- Products
- Flat-plate
- Vacuum tube
- Combined storage tank
- Production
- Applications
- India
- Domestic applications
- Solar thermal power plants
- Process heat
- Industrial applications
- Water desalination and purification
- Solar pond desalination systems in industrial environment
- Solar pond desalination systems for drinking water supply
- Israel
- USA
Biomass
- Overview of biomass energy conversion
- USAge patterns
- Power generation
- Technical background
- Benefits and constraints of bio energy
- Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy
- Biomass resources
- Dedicated agricultural biomass crops
- Agricultural residues
- Sugar industry wastes
- Forestry crops
- Forestry residues
- Black liquor
- Animal waste
- Sewage
- Industrial waste
- Municipal solid waste (MSW)
- Biomass conversion technologies
- Direct combustion and cogeneration
- Biopower
- Biomass gasification for generation
- Pyrolysis
- Charcoal production
- Briquetting and pelletising
- Modular systems
- Biofuels for transportation
- Ethanol
- Biodiesel
- Bio refineries
- Biobased products
- Technology developments
- The biomass energy market
- Rural usage
- Urban usage
- Regional distribution of biomass consumption
- Future primary biomass energy production and consumption
- Biomass markets - technology application
- Biomass heat
- The global market for heating wood fuel
- EU
- Technology for biomass heat
- Domestic heat production
- Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating
- District heating
- Industrial use of biomass
- European competitiveness
- Market characteristics
- Infrastructure constraints
- USA
- Rest of world
- Liquid biofuels
- Technology and feedstocks
- Environment
- Market
- Biodiesel
- EU
- European transport market for biofuels
- Market position
- EU competitiveness
- Investment criteria for biofuel
- Support measures
- Bioethanol
- Brazil
- USA
- EU
- MSW (Municipal solid waste)
- Technology
- Environmental issues
- Global market for MSW
- EU
- USA
- East Asia
- Japan
- Pacific
- Rest of world
- Manufacture and competition
- Future prospects
- Landfill gas
- Environment
- Technology
- Market
- EU
- EU environmental regulations
- Rest of world
- Market problems
- Future prospects
- Biopower
- The technology
- Technologies for biomass combustion
- Power generation technologies
- Conventional steam cycle plant
- Gasification and other advanced processes
- Co-firing with fossil fuels
- Advantages of co-firing
- Disadvantages of co-firing
- Market overview of biomass for power generation
- Western Europe
- Brazil
Geothermal Energy
- Overview of geothermal energy
- Main markets overview
- USA
- Philippines
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Mexico
- Japan
- Other countries
- Technical background
- Dry steam
- Flash steam
- Binary cycle
- Location of resources
- Geothermal power market
- Geothermal potential
- Direct use capacity
- Geothermal generation costs
- Country geothermal profiles
- USA
- The Geysers
- Other geothermal plants in the USA
- Current industry outlook
- Direct use
- Philippines
- Chronology of development of geothermal power in the Philippines
- Geothermal plants
- Indonesia
- Resource potential
- Geothermal plants
- Field development and contractor status
- Pertamina
- Unocal
- Amoseas
- Caithness and Florida Power & Light
- California Energy
- Asia Power Ltd
- PT. Wahana Komunikatama
- Geothermal contracts concluded
- Prices
- Regional autonomy
- Law and regulation -insufficient legal protection
- Contractual arrangements
- Energy Sales Contract (ESC)
- New geothermal guidelines
- Direct use
- Italy
- Geothermal resources
- Direct use
- Mexico
- Geothermal generation plants
- Direct use
- Japan
- Chronologuy of geothermal development in Japan
- Government support
- Direct use
- New Zealand
- Direct use
Ocean Energy Conversion
- Overview of ocean energy conversion
- Tidal energy review
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Secondary water storage
- France - Rance 240 MW Tidal Barrage
- Canada - Annapolis 20 MW Tidal Barrage
- China - 11 MW of small Tidal Plants
- Wave energy review
- Wave resources
- New developments
- Synergies with the offshore industry
- The road to commercial wave power
- OTEC Ocean thermal energy conversion review
- Additional benefits of OTEC technology - DOWA
- Status of development and funding support
- Marine current energy review
- The marine current resource
- The size of the global resource
- Status of technology
- Horizontal axis turbines (axial flow turbine).
- Vertical axis turbines (cross flow turbine)
- Future of marine current energy
Hybrids
- Comparison of three successful operational hybrid systems in Inner Mongolia
- Economic assessment
- System costs
- Cost of energy (COE)
- Large scale high-tech hybrid development
Fuels Cells
- Overview of fuel cells
- Technical background
- Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
- Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)
- Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)
- Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)
- Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)
- Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
- Regenerative Fuel Cells
- Efficiency
- Battery-powered electric car
- The fuel cell market
- US, EU and Japan
- Industry
- Commercial/service
- Residential high income
- Residential middle income
- Residential -General
- Off-grid
- Transport
Hydrogen Economy
- Overview of the hydrogen economy
- The benefits of the Hydrogen Economy
- Energy security
- Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
- Reduced air pollution
- Improved energy efficiency
- Technical background - production of hydrogen
- Barriers to commercialisation
- Hydrogen production and delivery
- Hydrogen storage
- Fuel cell cost and durability
- Safety, Codes and Standards
- Public acceptance
- The hydrogen economy - development
- Near Term
- Mid Term
- Long Term
Distributed Generation
Charts
- Figure 1: Total global primary energy supply 2003
- Figure 2: The growth and share of renewables in TPES 1971-2030
- Figure 3: Annual growth of renewable energy supply 1971-2000
- Figure 4: World Total Final Energy Consumption) by fuel (Mtoe)
- Figure 5: 2003 share of total final primary consumption
- Figure 6: Renewables in electricity production
- Figure 7: Costs of generation technologies, $2002/kW/kWh
- Figure 8: Capacity of small hydro plants, global and EU, 1980 to 2010
- Figure 9: Generation in GWh of SH plants (capacity < 10 MW) in Europe, 2003
- Figure 10: View of Fuchunjiang SHP Station's dam in Chun'an County, Zhejiang Province
- Figure 11: Taojinping SHP Project (500 kW) in Lin'an County, Zhejiang Province
- Figure 12: Global wind power installed capacity MW 1995-2004
- Figure 13:Installed wind power capacity of the five leading countries MW December 2004
- Figure 14: The deployment of wind energy capacity in Europe 2004
- Figure 15: Cost of wind generated electricity (/kWh)
- Figure 16: Allocation of capital cost for a typical wind energy
- Figure 17:Off shore wind farm
- Figure 18: Wind turbine evolution
- Figure 19: Forecast of global wind energy development to 2010
- Figure 20: Historical development of wind power in major countries 1990-2004
- Figure 21: Increase in turbine size, 1997-2002 (kW)
- Figure 22: Increase in turbine sizes 1997-2004 (kW)
- Figure 23: Large wind turbines
- Figure 24: Danish wind turbine sales MW 1984-2004
- Figure 25: Danish wind turbine sales by country of destination (including Denmark) MW 2004
- Figure 26: Trend in wind turbine sizes in Germany, 1987-2003
- Figure 27: Global market shares of wind power market of leading countries, 2003
- Figure 28: Global market shares of leading wind power manufacturers, 2003
- Figure 29: Top 20 leading European wind farm developers and owners, 2003 and 2004
- Figure 30: Solar insolation
- Figure 31: Global solar PV production MW, 1985-2004
- Figure 32: Production of solar PV cells by country, 2004
- Figure 33: Market shares of global production of the top ten solar PV companies, 2002
- Figure 34: Single crystal vs poly crystal production by country 2001
- Figure 35: Price compared with shipments 1975-2000 $/watt
- Figure 36: Forecasting a New Technology
- Figure 37: Geographical distribution of solar thermal installations
- Figure 38: Sales of solar thermal collectors in Europe, m2 per year, 1990-2000
- Figure 39: Ry district heating plant array of solar energy collectors in Denmark
- Figure 40: Market shares of solar thermal product types in China, 2000
- Figure 41: SWH systems are often installed on the roofs of residential buildings in China
- Figure 42: Importance of biomass in different world regions, 1995
- Figure 43: Biomass consumption in EU counties, ktoe, 2000
- Figure 44: Global production of bioethanol and biodiesel, 1991- 2001 - Billion litres per year
- Figure 45: Production capacity of biodiesel, 1991-2003 -Billion litre per year
- Figure 46: Biodiesel capacities in Europe (kton), 2001, 2002
- Figure 47: World ethanol production, 1991-2003 - Billion litres per year
- Figure 48: Production of bioethanol in Europe (kton), 2000, 2001
- Figure 49: The dry steam plant
- Figure 50: Flash steam plant
- Figure 51: The CalEnergy Navy I flash geothermal power plant at the Coso geothermal field.
- Figure 52: Binary steam plant
- Figure 53: The Mammoth Pacific binary geothermal plants, Casa Diablo geothermal field
- Figure 54: World high temperature geothermal areas
- Figure 55: Installed geothermal generating capacity MW, 1997-2004
- Figure 56: Map of proven geothermal resources in Indonesia
- Figure 57: Main types of wave energy devices deployed currently
- Figure 58: The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
- Figure 59: OTEC Applications
- Figure 60: Schematic of distributed generation
Tables
- Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of different types of renewable energy
- Table 2: Hydroelectric installed capacity and generation by regions and major countries, 2002
- Table 3: Europe, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2003
- Table 4: CIS, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2003
- Table 5: North America, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2003
- Table 6: South and Central America, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2003
- Table 7: Asia Pacific, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2003
- Table 8: SHP developments by province
- Table 9: SHP stations by installed capacity
- Table 10: SHP stations by operation module
- Table 11: SHP stations by ownership
- Table 12: Ownership of SHP enterprises, by investment
- Table 13: Investment sources for SHP station construction
- Table 14: Installed and ongoing mini/micro hydel projects up to 3 MW capacity by state in India
- Table 15: Africa, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2002
- Table 16: Middle East, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2003
- Table 17: Installed wind generating capacity and additions 2002, 2003, 2004
- Table 18: Repair & maintenance, O&M cost, €/kWh
- Table 19: Off-shore wind farms, 2004
- Table 20: National forecasts of wind energy development to 2010 - MW
- Table 21: Projected consumptions of global electricity, total and wind
- Table 22: Regional breakdown with 12% wind power by 2020
- Table 23: Indicative EU targets for electricity from renewable sources in 2010
- Table 24: Development of wind power installed capacity 1990-2004 (MW)
- Table 26: Large wind turbines available in 2003
- Table 27: Average installation cost and total investment in wind power to 2020
- Table 28: Annual investment costs, 2002-2020
- Table 29: Market share of annual sales in Germany, 2000-2004
- Table 30: The projected total of UK wind power in 2010
- Table 31: PV cell and module production by technology [MW] in 2002 by world region
- Table 32: PV product manufacturers in the reporting countries 2002
- Table 33: Prevailing strategies for PV promotion in Selected OECD countries
- Table 34: Indicative module prices in national currencies per watt selected countries
- Table 35: Indicative installed system prices in USD in selected countries in 2004
- Table 36: Grid and off-grid solar PV installed capacity MW
- Table 37: Grid and off-grid solar PV installed capacity MW
- Table 38: Global sales of solar thermal glazed collector, 1999
- Table 39: Primary energy supply and conversion to electricity
- Table 40: Classification of biomass sources
- Table 41: Final consumption of biomass energy 1995 and 2001 Toe
- Table 42: Final energy projections (after transformation) including biomass by region (Mtoe)
- Table 43: Non-OECD countries regional consumption of biomass by biomass type, 1996
- Table 44: World biomass heat use
- Table 45: Biomass heat use in EU countries
- Table 46: Current capacity and estimated future potential for MSW combustion worldwide
- Table 47: Current capacity and estimated future potential for MSW combustion in Europe, MW
- Table 48:Growth in biomass gas recovery 1980-2010
- Table 49: Consumption of biogas schemes in the EU
- Table 50: Installed generating capacity from biomass in the OECD countries, MW
- Table 51: Installed generating capacity from biomass in the USA, MW
- Table 52: Installed generating capacity from biomass in the EU, MW
- Table 53: Installed generating capacity from biomass in EU countries, MW
- Table 54: Geothermal power generation installed capacity by country MW, 1900 to 2004
- Table 55: Direct use of geothermal energy
- Table 56: Indonesia geothermal proven resources (MW)
- Table 57: 1: Initial investments and O&M expenses for the three pilot systems
- Table 58: Evaluation of the cost of energy (COE) for three pilot systems

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