LNG Infrastructure Security

Publication Date	January 2008
Publisher	Synergyst
Product Type	Report
Pages	40
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	SYG03195

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Summary

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a hazardous fuel frequently shipped in massive tankers from overseas to US ports. LNG is also manufactured domestically in United States and is often stored near population centers. Because LNG infrastructure is highly visible and easily identified, it can be vulnerable to terrorist attack. Since September 11, 2001, the US LNG industry and federal agencies have put new measures in place to protect LNG infrastructure and respond to the possibility of terrorism.

LNG infrastructure consists primarily of tankers, import terminals, and inland storage plants. There are six active US terminals and proposals for over 20 others. Potentially catastrophic events could arise from a serious accident or attack on such facilities, such as pool or vapor cloud fires. But LNG has an exemplary safety record for the last 40 years, and no LNG tanker or land-based facility has been attacked by terrorists. Experts debate the likelihood and possible impacts from LNG attacks, but recent studies have concluded that such risks, while significant, are not as serious as is popularly believed.

The report on LNG Infrastructure Security by Synergyst analyzes the growing concerns over LNG infrastructure security and the many factors associated with the same. The report starts off with an introduction to LNG safety and security, dealing with an overview of liquefied natural gas, safety issues to be considered during LNG operations, the various types of LNG dangers and the rising demand for LNG in the US.

The report also looks at the LNG infrastructure in the United States, the LNG value chain, liquefaction plants in the country, LNG marine terminals, namely Everett, Lake Charles, Cove Point, Elba Island, among others. Canadian and Mexican pipelines are also analyzed in the report. Physical hazards of LNG such as fires, vapor clouds, and flameless explosions are all described in the report, along with the key regulatory challenges coming up in LNG security in the country. Recent initiatives undertaken by the US government are also explored in this report.

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Content

I. Introduction to Lng Safety and Security
- A. Overview of Liquefied Natural Gas (Lng)
- B. Safety Considerations in Lng Operations
- C. Lng Properties and Potential Hazards
- D. Types of Lng Hazards
- E. Demand and Supply of Lng in US
- F. Future Outlook
II. US Lng Infrastructure
- A. Lng Value Chain
- B. Liquefaction Plants
- C. Lng Marine Terminals
- I. Everett, Ma
- II. Lake Charles, La
- III. Cove Point, Md
- IV. Elba Island, Ga
- V. Peuelas, Puerto Rico
- VI. Kenai, Alaska
- D. Lng Ships Fleet
- E. International Pipelines
- I. Canadian Pipelines
- II. Mexican Pipelines
III. Risks and Vulnerabilities to Lng Facilities
- A. Physical Hazards of Lng
- I. Pool Fires
- II. Flammable Vapor Clouds
- III. Flameless Explosion
- B. Safety Record of Lng
- C. Lng Security Risks
- I. Natural Disasters
- II. Accidents
- III. Terrorist Attacks
IV. Key Policy Issues in Lng Security
- A. Public Costs of Lng Marine Security
- B. Federal Security Jurisdictional Issues
- C. Security Implications of Offshore Lng Facilities
- D. The Lng Security Challenge in Perspective
- V. Industry Standards and Regulatory Compliance
VI. Recent Lng Security Initiatives
- A. Coast Guard Maritime Security Activities
- B. Federal Pipeline Safety and Security Agencies
- C. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Ferc) Oversight
- D. Industry Initiatives for Land-Based Lng Security
- VII. Case Studies
- A. Explosion and Fire Accidents
- B. Spills and Leaks
- C. Terrorist Attacks
- D. Natural Calamities
IX. Appendix and Glossary