Veterinary Drug Residues & MRLs

Publication Date	January 2006
Publisher	Animal Pharm
Product Type	Report
Pages	186
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	ANP00016

Price

£795.00
approximately: $1,181 | €936

PDF immediate delivery

PRINT £695 ($1,032 | €818)

Order above formats by FAX

Summary

The monitoring and controlling of veterinary residues in animal food products is a result of the heightened awareness of consumers. They require objective information that what they put on their plates is safe. This phenomenon has fuelled the need for quality assurance upon which international food trade is dependent. A recent survey commissioned by the European Union (EU) found that food safety is a major concern of European consumers. More than 60 per cent of the 23,000 people taking part indicated that they were "very concerned about the safety of food" when it came to chemical contaminants, which include veterinary drugs.

This report provides an overview of how regulatory bodies around the world control and monitor veterinary drug residues in samples taken from foodproducing animals. They include countries in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Australasia. The international framework - as established by the Codex Alimentarius (Codex) under the aegis of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - for controlling residues is also discussed, as are detection techniques.

Country chapters include information on the laws in place to ensure that residues are kept in check, with details of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in force and data tables, where the most recent results of sample testing are summarised. The countries covered in this report are:

Argentina;
Australia;
Austria;
Brazil;
Canada;
China;
Germany;
India;
Ireland;
Japan;
Mexico;
New Zealand;
Switzerland;
Thailand;
United Kingdom;
United States; and
The EU.

The most commonly featured commodity is meat, specifically from cattle, pig, chicken and sheep; also summarised to a certain degree are data on eggs, milk and aquaculture products. As far as supranational bodies are concerned, the report contains a detailed chapter on the EU and its 25 member states. The bloc plays an important role in determining food safety worldwide, given the substantial food imports it receives from outside its borders.

It was not possible to include data for all the countries covered in this report as some chose not to make such information available to the author. That is not to say that these countries do not monitor residues at all. Some of them do conduct stringent monitoring for the purpose of exporting to markets, which employ high standards when it comes to food quality, such as in Europe. However, this data is not normally for public consumption and there appears to be a reluctance to release them to other parties.

Two chapters are devoted to the major causes of residues and detection techniques. The former considers the "usual suspects", i.e. substances, which are either banned in the treatment of food-producing animals and/or those whose residual presence are required by law to be within strictly defined limits. It also outlines husbandry practices, which result in residues.
The section on detection discusses testing techniques, which are widely used in this arena, such as rapid immunological tests, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, to name a few. Also considered are novelties on the scene, such as biosensors, surface plasmon resonance and the use of alternative matrices.

Finally, horizon issues are discussed in the report's final chapter. This covers future challenges, which include the harmonisation of standards in testing and setting of MRLs, as well as technical issues, which need to be resolved to ensure the better detection and management of drug residues.

Content

CHAPTER 1 MAJOR CAUSES
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Withdrawal periods
- 1.3 Hygiene
- 1.4 Misuse
- 1.5 Veterinarian
- 1.6 Risky residues
- 1.6.1 Hormonal growth promoters
- 1.6.2 Beta-agonists
- 1.6.3 Bovine somatotrophin
- 1.6.4 Penicillins
- 1.6.5 Cephalosporins
- 1.7 Selected macrolide antibiotics
- 1.7.1 Spiramycin
- 1.7.2 Tilmicosin
- 1.8 Aminoglycosides
- 1.8.1 Adverse effects
- 1.9 Fluoroquinolones
- 1.10 Sulfadimidine (sulfamethazine)
- 1.11 Nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles
- 1.12 Chloramphenicol
- 1.13 Ivermectin
- 1.14 Tranquilisers
- 1.14.1 Xylazine
- 1.14.2 Azaperone
- 1.15 Carazolol
CHAPTER 2 DETECTION AND TECHNOLOGY
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Ante- and post-mortem inspection
- 2.3 Screening methods
- 2.3.1 Rapid tests
- 2.3.2 Microbiological inhibition tests
- 2.3.3 Electrophoretic systems
- 2.3.4 Investigating further with ELISA and RIA
- 2.3.5 Receptor tests
- 2.3.6 Confirming results
- 2.3.7 Chromatography and spectrometry
- 2.3.8 Validation
- 2.3.9 Identification points
- 2.3.10 Analytical methods in the EU
- 2.4 Emerging technologies
- 2.4.1 Introduction
- 2.4.2 Variations on a theme
- 2.4.2.1 Old with the new
- 2.4.3 Biosensors
- 2.4.3.1 Surface plasmon resonance
- 2.4.3.2 Electrochemical biosensors
- 2.4.3.3 BioCop
CHAPTER 3 CONTROLS AND PREVENTION
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Registration and distribution
- 3.3 Veterinarian responsibilities
- 3.4 Farmer/producer responsibilities
- 3.4.1 Hygiene
- 3.4.2 Feed
- 3.4.3 Monitoring
- 3.4.4 Record keeping
- 3.5 Scrutiny
CHAPTER 4 INTERNATIONAL FOOD SAFETY AND THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Setting standards
- 4.3 Establishing ADIs
- 4.3.1 Veterinary hypothetical diet
- 4.4 Disadvantages
CHAPTER 5 THE EUROPEAN UNION
- 5.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 5.2 Setting MRLs
- 5.3 National monitoring
- 5.3.1 Sampling
- 5.3.2 Infringements
- 5.3.3 Residue categories
- 5.4 Third countries
- 5.4.1 Monitoring
- 5.4.2 Inspections
- 5.5 Residue incidence rates
- 5.5.1 Latest results
- 5.5.2 Non-compliant results
- 5.5.2.1 Hormones
- 5.5.2.2 Corticosteroids
- 5.5.2.3 Beta-agonists
- 5.5.2.4 Prohibited substances
- 5.5.2.5 Antibacterials
- 5.5.2.6 Anthelmintics
- 5.6 Incidence rate tables
- 5.6.1 Country codes
- 5.6.2 Bovines: non-compliant results
- 5.6.3 Pigs: non-compliant results
- 5.6.4 Poultry: non-compliant results
- 5.6.5 Sheep and goats: non-compliant results
CHAPTER 6 UNITED KINGDOM
- 6.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 6.2 Statutory surveillance
- 6.3 Non-statutory surveillance
- 6.4 Surveillance results 2005
- 6.4.1 Statutory results
- 6.4.1.1 Emamectin and malachite green in fish
- 6.4.1.2 Coccidiostats
- 6.4.1.3 Phenylbutazone in cattle and horse
- 6.4.1.4 Nitrofuran and Nortestosterone
- 6.4.2 Non-statutory results
- 6.4.2.1 Farmed fish and crustaceans
- 6.4.2.2 Retailer results
CHAPTER 7 IRELAND
- 7.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 7.2 Results 2005
- 7.2.1 Banned substances
- 7.2.2 Antibiotics
- 7.2.3 Anticoccidials
- 7.2.4 Aquaculture
- 7.2.5 Follow-up actions
CHAPTER 8 GERMANY
- 8.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 8.2 Non-compliant results
- 8.3 Results 2004
- 8.4 Results by substance group
- 8.4.1 Anabolic and unauthorised substances
- 8.4.2 Antibacterials
CHAPTER 9 SWITZERLAND
- 9.1 Legislation and regulation
- 9.1.1 Testing
- 9.1.1.1 Sample collection
- 9.2 Results
- 9.3 Infringement
CHAPTER 10 AUSTRIA
- 10.1 Legislation and regulation
- 10.2 Results 2005
CHAPTER 11 AUSTRALIA
- 11.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 11.2 Sampling
- 11.3 Tracing back
- 11.4 Results
- 11.4.1 Anthelmintics
- 11.4.2 Antibacterials
- 11.4.3 Hormones
- 11.4.4 Steroids
- 11.5 Incidence rates
CHAPTER 12 NEW ZEALAND
- 12.1 Legislation and regulation
- 12.1.1 Risk management
- 12.2 Results
CHAPTER 13 JAPAN
- 13.1 Legislation and regulation
- 13.1.1 Establishing MRLs
- 13.1.2 Imports
- 13.2 Incidence rates
- 13.2.1 Imported food results 2003-4
- 13.2.2 Imported food results 2004-5
- 13.2.3 Latest imported food data
- 13.2.4 Domestic food results 2003-4
- 13.2.5 Domestic food results 2004-5
CHAPTER 14 CHINA
- 14.1 Legislation and regulation
- 14.1.1 Non-compliant results
- 14.2 MRLs
- 14.3 EU relations
- 14.3.1 Chinese exports to EU
- 14.3.2 On-site inspections
- 14.3.2.1 Background
- 14.3.2.2 NRMP 2006
CHAPTER 15 HONG KONG
- 15.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 15.1.1 Inspections
- 15.2 Non-compliance consequences
- 15.3 Results
CHAPTER 16 THAILAND
- 16.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 16.2 Setting MRLs
- 16.3 Results
CHAPTER 17 INDIA
- 17.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 17.2 Exports and MRLs
- 17.3 EU certification
CHAPTER 18 ARGENTINA
- 18.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 18.2 Results
CHAPTER 19 MEXICO
- 19.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 19.2 MRLs
- 19.3 Results
- 19.4 EU relations
CHAPTER 20 BRAZIL
- 20.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 20.1.1 Banned substances
- 20.2 Results
- 20.2.1 Milk results
- 20.2.1.1 Antimicrobials
- 20.2.1.2 Avermectins
- 20.3 EU relations
CHAPTER 21 CANADA
- 21.1 Legislation and Regulation
CHAPTER 22 UNITED STATES
- 22.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 22.2 National residue monitoring
- 22.2.1 Domestic sampling
- 22.2.2 Testing results
- 22.2.2.1 Monitoring sampling results
- 22.2.2.2 Enforcement results
- 22.2.3 Import sampling
- 22.2.4 Non-compliance
CHAPTER 23 HORIZON ISSUES
- 23.1 Geographical and knowledge divide
- 23.1.1 Capacity building in developing countries
- 23.2 Technical considerations
- 23.2.1 Injection site residues
- 23.2.2 Residue depletion
- 23.2.3 Genotoxic and carcinogenic substances
- 23.2.4 Development of new techniques
REFERENCES