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Global Market for Antimicrobials and Antifungals; The

Challenging Resistance to 2016

Publication Date December 2006
Publisher Spectra Intelligence
Product Type Report
Pages 329
ISBN Number not applicable
Product Code SPE00013
Price

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Summary

Antibiotic resistance is a significant problem which is negatively impacting prescribing patterns, consequently reducing antibiotic usage. The total worldwide market for antibiotics and antifungals was US$25 billion in 2005, but is predicted to fall to between US$15 and US$20 billion by 2016. This forecast is based on a number of factors, but largely due to declining rates of antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory infections - a major segment of the market. Other contributing factors include the loss of market exclusivity for a number of popular branded antibiotics, including Abbott's Biaxin and Pfizer's Zithromax in 2005. Generic competitors of these drugs have already been launched and are set to make serious inroads on the branded market in the years to come.

In this unique market analysis report, The Global Market for Antimicrobials and Antifungals: Challenging Resistance to 2016, the reader will be presented with a comprehensive asessment of the global market for anti-infectives and antifungals. Included in the analysis are therapeutics to combat the lethal microorganisms MRSA, C. difficile, and the highly infectious agents potentially used in bioterrorism. The report also provides current sales and prescription trends for antibiotics and antifungals and a detailed review of the current armamentarium of marketed antibiotics and antifungals. Resistance mechanisms and efforts to target those mechanisms in drug discovery are also discussed. Furthermore, mechanisms of action of current and novel anti-infective therapeutics, side effects, and how differences in dosage formulations can affect their attractiveness to physicians and patients are also detailed. The report also provides an up-to-date extensive list of companies engaged in antibacterial and antifungal drug discovery and lists some of the novel scientific approaches being taken, including chemical biology, toxicogenomics, and computational approaches. It further documents efforts by companies to extend profits on drugs that are off-patent by developing new formulations with additional advantages benefiting patient compliance. Pipeline products and their advantages and disadvantages are also covered in-depth in the market analysis.

Content

  • Executive Summary
  • Objective of the Report
  • Research Methodology
  • Chapter 1. Introduction To Antibiotics And Antifungals
    • 1.1 Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi
    • 1.1.1 Types of Bacteria and Morphological Characteristics
    • 1.1.1.1 Gram-Positive versus Gram-Negative
    • 1.1.1.2 Aerobes, Anaerobes, and Facultative Anaerobes
    • 1.1.1.3 Morphological Characteristics
    • 1.1.1.4 Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance
    • 1.1.1.5 Other Characteristics
    • 1.1.1.6 Atypical Bacteria
    • 1.1.1.7 Normal Human Flora
    • 1.2 Types of Fungi
    • 1.2.1 Candida
    • 1.2.2 Dermatophytes
    • 1.2.3 Aspergillus
    • 1.2.4 Coccidiodes immitis
    • 1.3 Antibiotic and Antifungal Evaluation
    • 1.4 Epidemiology of Microbial Disease in the Developed and Developing World
    • 1.5 The Challenge of Resistance
  • Chapter 2. Bacterial And Fungal Infections And Diseases
    • 2.1 Respiratory Tract Infections
    • 2.1.1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
    • 2.1.2 Less Common Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
    • 2.1.2 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
    • 2.1.2.4 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
    • 2.1.2.5 Staphylococcus aureus
    • 2.1.2.6 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
    • 2.1.3 Other Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
    • 2.2 Invasive Infections
    • 2.2.4 Intra-Abdominal Infections
    • 2.2.5 Intra-Abdominal Abscesses
    • 2.3 Skin, Eye, Soft Tissue, Joint and Bone Infections
    • 2.3.7 Ophthalmic Infections
    • 2.3.2 Bone and Joint Infections
    • 2.4 Genito-Urinary Tract Infections
    • 2.4.1 Urinary Tract Infections
    • 2.4.1.3 Hospital Acquired Urinary Tract Infections
    • 2.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections
    • 2.7 Gastrointestinal Diseases and Infections
    • 2.7.7 Other Gastrointestinal or Food-Borne Infections
    • 2.9 Infectious Agents Potentially Utilised in Bioterrorism or Biowarfare
    • 2.10 Bacterial Infections of the Tropical and Developing World
    • 2.11 Fungal Diseases and Infections
    • 2.11.1 Invasive Fungal Infections
    • 2.11.2 Noninvasive Fungal Infections
  • Chapter 3. Classic Antibiotics And Antifungals: Pipeline Insights
    • 3.0 Classic Antibiotics and Antifungals by Mechanism of Action
    • 3.1 Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
    • 3.1.2.1 Penicillins
    • 3.1.2.2 Cephalosporins
    • 3.1.2.3 Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
    • 3.1.2.4 Carbapenems
    • 3.1.4 Monobactams
    • 3.1.5 Vancomycin
    • 3.1.5.1 Vancomycin Descendents in the Pipeline
    • 3.2 Cell Membrane Disruptors
    • 3.2.5.5 Pipeline Triazoles
    • 3.3 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
    • 3.3.1 Aminoglycosides
    • 3.3.1.1 Pipeline Aminoglycosides
    • 3.3.4 Macrolides
    • 3.3.4.3 Pipeline Macrolides
    • 3.3.6.1 Novel Tetracyclines
    • 3.4 Transfer RNA Synthetase Inhibitors
    • 3.5 Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
    • 3.5.1 Antifungal Agents
    • 3.5.2 Fluoroquinolones
    • 3.5.2.1 Pipeline Fluoroquinolones
    • 3.5.3.3 Rifamycins in the Pipeline
    • 3.6 Folic Acid Synthesis Blockers
    • 3.6.1 Antituberculosis Drugs
    • 3.6.2.1 Pipeline Diaminopyrimidines
    • 3.6.3 Sulphonamides and Sulphones
  • Chapter 4. New Structures And/Or Novel Targets: Approved Or In The Pipeline
    • 4.0 New Structures and Novel Targets Recently Approved and in the Pipeline
    • 4.1 Approved Products
    • 4.2 Novel Antibiotics
    • 4.3 Novel Antifungals
    • 4.4 Novel Antibiotics - New Drug Applications Submitted
    • 4.5 Novel Antibiotics in Clinical Trials
    • 4.6 Antibiotics at Preclinical/Early Research Stage
    • 4.6.1 Cationic Peptides
    • 4.6.2 Defensins
    • 4.6.3 DNA Replication Inhibitors
  • Chapter 5. The World Market For Anti-Infectives And Antifungals
    • 5.1 Global Size of Antibiotic and Antifungal Markets
    • 5.1.1 Generic Antibiotic and Antifungal Drug Sales
    • 5.2 World Market Leaders in Branded Antibiotics
    • 5.3 US Market Leaders in Branded and Generic Antibiotics and Antifungals
    • 5.4 Market Shares of Branded and Generic Antibiotics by Class
    • 5.5 Trends in Antibiotic and Antifungal Sales
    • 5.6 Factors Affecting Worldwide Antibiotic and Antifungal Sales
    • 5.6.1 Loss of Market Exclusivity/Generic Competition
    • 5.6.2 Impact of Generic Sales on Individual Companies
    • 5.6.4.1 Biodefense
    • 5.6.5 Impact of Rising Levels of Antibiotic and Antifungal Resistance
    • 5.6.5.1 Increase in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Infections
    • 5.6.9.1 Macrolides
    • 5.6.9.2 Fluoroquinolones
    • 5.6.9.3 Penicillins and Cephalosporins
    • 5.9.6.4 Carbapenems and Linezolid
    • 5.6.10 Impact of Toxicity and Adverse Side Effects
    • 5.7 Market Predictions for Antibiotic and Antifungal Sectors to 2016
    • 5.7.1 Predictions for Antibiotics and Antifungals Based on Current Sales Figures
    • 5.7.2 Market Predictions Based on Trends in Infectious Disease Cases
    • 5.8 Potential Impact of Competing Technologies
    • 5.8.1 Therapeutic Antibodies and Vaccines
    • 5.8.2 Summary on the Impact of Competing Technologies
    • 5.8.3 Phage-Based Antibacterials
  • Chapter 6. Challenges In Developing And Marketing New Antibiotics
    • 6.1 Scientific Challenges and Solutions
    • 6.1.2 The Ideal Antibiotic
    • 6.1.2.1 Potential Solutions
    • 6.2 Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
    • 6.2.4 Antibiotic Degradation or Modification
    • 6.2.4.1 Beta-Lactamases
    • 6.2.5 Target Modification
    • 6.2.7 Failure to Modify Prodrug
    • 6.3 Potential Solutions to Antibiotic Resistance
    • 6.3.4 Overcoming Restricted Outer Membrane Permeability
    • 6.3.5 New Drugs in Older Classes that are Poor Substrates for Efflux Pumps
    • 6.3.6 Targeting Other Parts of the Resistance Mechanism
    • 6.4 Discovery Approaches for New Molecules
    • 6.4.1 Genomics Approaches
    • 6.4.2 Computationally Intensive Approaches
    • 6.4.3 New Sources of Natural Products
    • 6.4.4 Chemical Biology Approaches
    • 6.5 New Technology for Screening and Toxicological Analysis
    • 6.6 Converting Limitations into Strengths
    • 6.7.3 Novel Dosage Forms
    • 6.7.5 Ophthalmic and Otic Preparations
  • Chapter 7. Companies Marketing Or Developing Antimicrobials And Antifungals
    • 7.1 Abbott Laboratories
    • 7.1.1 Product Review
    • 7.2 Achaogen
    • 7.2.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.3 Achillion
    • 7.3.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.4 ActivBiotics
    • 7.4.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.5 Advanced Life Sciences
    • 7.5.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.6 Advancis
    • 7.6.1 Pipeline and Technology Review
    • 7.7 ADVENTRX Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.7.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.8 Alcon Laboratories
    • 7.8.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.8.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.9 AlphaR
    • 7.9.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.10 Arpida
    • 7.10.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.11 Astellas Pharma
    • 7.11.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.11.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.12 AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.12.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.12.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.13 Basilea Pharmaceutica
    • 7.13.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.14 Bausch & Lomb
    • 7.14.1 Product Review
    • 7.15 Bayer
    • 7.15.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.16 Biovertis
    • 7.16.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.17 Boehringer Ingelheim
    • 7.18 Bristol-Myers Squibb
    • 7.18.1 Products Review
    • 7.19 Centocor
    • 7.20 Ceragenix Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.20.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.21 Cerexa
    • 7.21.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.22 Chiron
    • 7.22.1 Products Review
    • 7.23 Cubist Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.23.1 Products Review
    • 7.23.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.24 Cumbre Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.24.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.25 Daiichi Sankyo
    • 7.25.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.25.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.26 Eli Lilly
    • 7.26.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.26.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.27 Enanta Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.27.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.28 GlaxoSmithKline
    • 7.28.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.28.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.28.2.1 GSK-TB Alliance Partnership
    • 7.29 InSite Vision
    • 7.29.1 Pipeline Product Review
    • 7.30 InterMune
    • 7.31 IntraBiotics Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.32 Johnson & Johnson
    • 7.32.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.32.1.1 Antibacterials
    • 7.32.1.2 Antifungals
    • 7.32.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.33 King Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.33.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.34 Kyorin
    • 7.34.1 Approved Product and Pipeline Review
    • 7.35 Inhibitex
    • 7.35.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.36 Intercell
    • 7.37 Merck
    • 7.37.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.37.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.38 MethylGene
    • 7.38.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.39 Mpex Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.39.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.40 Nabi Biopharmaceuticals
    • 7.40.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.41 Nereus Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.41.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.42 Novartis
    • 7.42.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.42.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.43 Novexel
    • 7.43.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.44 NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.45 Novozymes
    • 7.46 Optimer Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.46.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.47 Oragenics
    • 7.47.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.48 Oscient Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.48.1 Product Review
    • 7.48.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.49 Paratek Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.49.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.50 Pfizer
    • 7.50.1 Product Portfolio Review
    • 7.50.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.51 PolyMedix
    • 7.51.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.52 Protez Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.52.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.53 Purdue Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.54 Quorex Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.55 Replidyne
    • 7.55.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.56 Rib-X Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.56.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.57 Roche
    • 7.57.1 Product Review
    • 7.57.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.58 Salix Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.58.1 Product Review
    • 7.59 Sanofi-Aventis
    • 7.59.1 Product Review
    • 7.59.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.60 Schering-Plough
    • 7.60.1 Products Review
    • 7.61 Shionogi and Co.
    • 7.61.1 Product Review
    • 7.61.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.62 TAP Pharmaceutical Products
    • 7.63 Targanta Therapeutics
    • 7.63.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.64 Theravance
    • 7.64.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.65 Toyama Chemical
    • 7.65.1 Products Review
    • 7.65.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.66 Vertex Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.66.1 Pipeline Review
    • 7.67 ViroPharma
    • 7.67.1 Product Review
    • 7.67.2 Pipeline Review
    • 7.68 Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.68.1 Products Review
    • 7.68.2 Pipeline Review
  • List Of Tables
    • Table 1.1 Common Bacterial Pathogens
    • Table 1.2 Common Fungal Pathogens
    • Table 2.1 Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections and Causative Organisms
    • Table 2.2 Invasive Infections and Causative Organisms
    • Table 2.3 Skin, Eye, Soft Tissue, Joint and Bone Infections and Causative Organisms
    • Table 2.4 Genito-Urinary Tract Infections and Causative Organisms
    • Table 2.5 Gastrointestinal and Food-Borne Bacterial Infections and Causative Organisms
    • Table 2.6 Soil and Insect-Borne Bacterial Diseases and Causative Organisms
    • Table 2.7 The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) Category A, B and C Priority Bacterial Pathogens for Biodefense Research
    • Table 2.8 Common Fungal Infections and Causative Organisms
    • Table 3.1 Recently Approved and Pipeline Cephalosporins
    • Table 3.2 Beta-Lactam/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors in the Pipeline
    • Table 3.3 Recently Approved and Pipeline Carbapenems
    • Table 3.5 Recently Approved and Pipeline Azoles
    • Table 3.6 Pipeline Aminoglycosides
    • Table 3.7 Pipeline Macrolides
    • Table 3.8 Recently Approved and Pipeline Tetracyclines
    • Table 3.9 Recently Approved and Pipeline Fluoroquinolones
    • Table 3.10 Recently Approved and Pipeline Rifamycins
    • Table 4.1 New Antibiotics and Antifungals Approved Since 1999
    • Table 4.2 New Drug Applications, 2004-2006
    • Table 4.3 Classic and Novel Antibiotics and Antifungals in Phase-III Clinical Trials
    • Table 4.4 Classic and Novel Antibiotics and Antifungals in Phase-II Clinical Trials
    • Table 4.5 Classic and Novel Antibiotics and Antifungals in Phase-I Clinical Trials
    • Table 4.6 Summary of Antibiotics and Antifungals in Preclinical/Early Research Stage Drug Development
    • Table 5.1 Worldwide Sales Data for Major Branded Antibiotics, 2005
    • Table 5.2 Worldwide Sales Data for Major Branded Antifungals, 2005
    • Table 5.3 US Retail and Hospital Sales Data for Branded and Generic Antibiotics, 2005
    • Table 5.4 US Retail and Hospital Sales Data for Branded and Generic Antifungals, 2005
    • Table 5.5 Past, Current, and Future Losses of Patent Protection for Key Antibiotic and Antifungals
    • Table 5.6 Annual US Disease Cases (Clinic or Hospital Visits), 2006 & 2016
    • Table 6.1 Mechanisms of Antibiotic and Antifungal Resistance
    • Table 6.2 Classification of Beta-Lactamases
    • Table 7.1 Abbott Laboratories' Anti-Infectives Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.2 Achaogen's Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.3 Achillion's Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.4 ActivBiotics' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.5 Advanced Life Sciences' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.6 Advancis' Current and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.7 ADVENTRX Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.8 Alcon's Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.9 AlphaRX's Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.10 Arpida's Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.11 Astellas Pharma's Current and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.12 AstraZeneca's Current and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.13 Basilea Pharmaceutica's Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.14 Bayer's Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.15 Biovertis' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.16 Bristol-Myers Squibb's Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.17 Ceragenix Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.18 Chiron's Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.19 Cubist Pharmaceutical's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.20 Cumbre Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.21 Daiichi Sankyo's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.22 Eli Lilly's Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.23 GlaxoSmithKline's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.24 Johnson & Johnson's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.25 King Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.26 Kyorin's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.27 Inhibitex's Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.28 Merck's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.29 MethylGene's Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.30 Mpex Pharmaceutical's Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.31 Nabi Biopharmaceutical's Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.32 Novartis' Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio,
    • Table 7.33 Novexel's Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.34 Optimer Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.35 Oscient Pharmaceuticals' Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.36 Paratek Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.37 Pfizer's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.38 Protez Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.39 Replidyne's Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.40 Rib-X Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.41 Roche's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.42 Sanofi-Aventis' Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.43 Schering-Plough's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.44 Targanta Therapeutics' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.45 Toyama Chemical's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective and Antifungal Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.46 Vertex Pharmaceuticals' Anti-Infective Product Pipeline, 2006
    • Table 7.47 ViroPharma's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
    • Table 7.48 Wyeth's Approved and Pipeline Anti-Infective Product Portfolio, 2006
  • List Of Figures
    • Figure 1.1 Worldwide Causes of Death, 2005
    • Figure 1.2 Comparison of Causes of Death in High versus Low Income Countries, 2005
    • Figure 5.1 World Market Shares of Antibiotics, 2005
    • Figure 5.2 World Market Shares of Antibiotics by Company, 2005
    • Figure 5.3 US Market Shares of Branded Antibiotics, 2005
    • Figure 5.4 US Market Shares of Top 10 Generic Antibiotics, 2005
    • Figure 5.5 US Market Shares
    • Figure 5.6 US Market Shares of Branded Antibiotics by Class, 2005
    • Figure 5.7 US Market Shares of Generic Antibiotics by Class, 2005
    • Figure 5.8 World Market Shares of Branded Antibiotics by Class, 2005
    • Figure 5.9 Antibiotics with Increasing Sales Worldwide, 2003-2006
    • Figure 5.10 Antibiotics with Decreasing Sales Worldwide, 2003-2006
    • Figure 5.11 Trends in Worldwide Sales of Antifungals, 2003-2006
    • Figure 5.12 Impact of Four Key Branded Antibiotics Losing Patent Protection in 2005
    • Figure 5.13 Resistance Rates of Nosocomial Infections, 1998-2003
    • Figure 5.14 US Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Pneumonia and Septicaemia Rates by Age Groups,
    • Figure 5.15 Rates of Prescriptions Written for Antimicrobial Drugs, 1992-2000
    • Figure 5.16 Changes in Prescription Rates by Class of Antibiotic, 1992-2000
    • Figure 5.17 US Rates of Clinic Visits for Infections, 1993-2005
    • Figure 5.18 Declining Rates of Prescriptions for Respiratory Infections in Children in the US, 1996-2000
    • Figure 5.19 US Trends in Infections Requiring Hospitalisation, 1994-2004
    • Figure 5.20 Changes in Reportable Infection Rates in the US, 1993-2003
    • Figure 5.21 US Rates of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1993-2003
    • Figure 5.22 US Rates of Clinic Visits (A) or Hospitalisations (B) for per Annum for Common Infections
    • Figure 5.23 Worldwide Trends in Sales of Macrolides, 2003-2006
    • Figure 5.24 Worldwide Trends in Sales of Fluoroquinolones, 2003-2006
    • Figure 5.25 Worldwide Trends in Sales of Penicillins and Cephalosporins, 2003-2006
    • Figure 5.26 Worldwide Trends in Sales of Carbapenems and Linezolid,

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