Emerging Opportunities in Cancer Nanomedicine

Publication Date	August 2006
Publisher	Espicom
Product Type	Report
Pages	125
ISBN Number	not applicable
Product Code	ESP00131

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Summary

Nanomedicine has applications across the field of anticancer treatments - but what are the likely outcomes for key areas?

Using "Optimistic, Realistic and Pessimistic" scenarios, the report assesses what success key nanotechnologies will have on treating oncology in the following areas:

Molecular imaging and early detection

Nanotechnology possesses the ability to have an early, paradigm-changing impact on how clinicians will detect cancer in its earliest stages. Devices constructed of nanoscale components, such as nanocantilevers, nanowires and nanochannels, offer the potential for detecting even the rarest molecular signals associated with malignancy.

In vivo imaging

One of the most urgent requirements in clinical oncology is for imaging agents that can identify tumours that are far smaller than those detectable with today's technology, at a scale of 1x105 cells rather than 1x109 cells. Achieving this level of sensitivity requires better targeting of imaging agents and the generation of a bigger imaging signal, both of which nanoscale devices are capable of accomplishing.

Reporters of efficacy

Nanotechnology offers the potential for developing highly-sensitive imaging agents and ex vivo diagnostics that can determine whether a therapeutic agent is reaching its intended target and whether that agent is killing malignant or support cells, such as growing blood vessels.

Multi-functional therapeutics

Because of their multi-functional capabilities, nanoscale devices can contain both targeting agents and therapeutic payloads at levels that can produce high local concentrations of a given anticancer drug. This is beneficial in areas of the body that are difficult to access because of a variety of biological barriers, including those developed by tumours.

Prevention and control

Many of the advances that nanotechnology will enable in each of the four preceding challenge areas will also find widespread applicability in efforts to prevent and control cancer. Advances driven by proteomics and bioinformatics are enabling researchers to identify markers of cancer susceptibility and precancerous lesions. Nanotechnology will then be used to develop devices that are capable of signalling when those markers appear in the body and deliver agents that would reverse premalignant changes or kill those cells that have the potential for becoming malignant.

Research enablers

Nanotechnology offers a wide range of tools, from chip-based nanolaboratories that are capable of monitoring and manipulating individual cells to nanoscale probes that can track the movements of cells, and even individual molecules, as they move about in their environment. Using such tools will enable cancer biologists to study, monitor and alter the multiple systems that go awry in the cancer process, and identify key biochemical and genetic points at which future molecular therapies might best be directed.

Current products evaluated...

Abraxane
- Abraxis BioScience/AstraZeneca
DaunoXome
- Gilead Sciences/Diatos
CellSearch Circulating Tumor Cell Kit
- Immunicon
Bio-barcode and Verigen platform
- Nanosphere
Caelyx/Doxil
- Ortho Biotech
Myocet
- Zeneus Pharma

Who's developing what?

Commercial companies involved...
Ablynx
Acusphere
Advanced Magnetics/Cytogen
ADVENTRX Pharmaceuticals
Alnis Biosciences
Aphios
Celsion
Dendritic Technologies/Starpharma
Flamel Technologies
INEX Pharmaceuticals
Insert Therapeutics (Arrowhead Research)
Intradigm
Introgen Therapeutics
Kereos
Keystone Nano
LiPlasome Pharma
MagForce Nanotechnologies
Mersana Therapeutics
Nanobiotix
NanoCarrier
Nanolution (Biophan Technologies)
NanoMed Pharmaceuticals
Nanospectra Biosciences
Pro-Pharmaceuticals
Project BioFinger
pSivida
OSI Pharmaceuticals
Spherics
TransGenex Nanobiotech
Triton Biosytems

Content

1. Scope of report
2. executive Summary
3. introduction
- 3.1 Introduction to nanotechnology
- Background to nanotechnology
- Figure 1. Artificial and biological nanostructures
- History of nanotechnology
- construction of nanotechnologies
- nanomaterials
- thin films, layers and surfaces
- carbon nanotubes
- Figure 2. Atomic structures of CNTs
- inorganic nanotubes
- nanowires
- Figure 3. Arrays of uniform zinc oxide nanowires
- microneedles
- nanofibres as biomaterials
- Figure 4. Arrays of nanofibres
- Biopolymers
- nucleic acid lattices and scaffolds
- Figure 5. DNA stick figures
- micelles
- Figure 6. A schematic of the formation of a micelle
- Liposomes
- Figure 7. Schematic representation of four major liposome types
- dendrimers
- Figure 8. The dendritic structure
- Liquid crystals
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide crystals
- nanoparticles
- aquasomes (carbohydrate-ceramic nanoparticles)
- polyplexes/Lipopolyplexes
- Hydrogels
- fullerenes (carbon 60)
- Figure 9. Structure of a C60 fullerene
- Quantum dots
- Figure 10. Silicon at the nanoscale becomes optically active
- cantilevers with functionalised tips
- microchips for drug delivery
- 3.2 Nanomedicine: an offshoot of nanotechnology
- current and future applications
- array technologies
- electronics and information and communication technology (ict)
- Self-assembly
- drug delivery
- drug discovery
- medical imaging
4. Key opportunitieS for cancer nanomedicine
- 4.1 Molecular imaging and early detection
- Emerging Opportunities in Cancer Nanomedicine Contents
- predicted development scenarios
- 4.2 In vivo imaging
- predicted development scenarios
- 4.3 Reporters of efficacy
- predicted development scenarios
- 4.4 Multi-functional therapeutics
- predicted development scenarios
- 4.5 Prevention and control
- predicted development scenarios
- 4.6 Research enablers
- predicted development scenarios
5. marKet future
- 5.1 Research trends and initiatives
- Broad international survey
- europe
- asia
- patents
- 5.2 Technology and challenges
- Standardisation and quality assurance
- molecular manufacturing
- Figure 11. Future nanoscale machines
- programmability of nanodevices
- 5.3 Business and regulatory challenges
- managing interdisciplinary requirements
- regulation
- ethics
- Legal
- 5.4 Nanomedicine growth opportunities
- economic impact
- drug delivery
- 5.5 Nanomedicine growth restraints
- toxicology
- carcinogenicity
- Long-term stability
- excretion pathways for artificial nanostructures
- Figure 12. Summary of the hypothetical toxicokinetic pathways for nanoparticles
- public perception
- 5.6 Time estimates for nano developments
- Table 1. European Technology Platform on Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology for Health
- 5.7 Key opinions
- Table 2. Time of realisation of nanobiotechnology developments
- Table 3. Prospects of commercialisation index
- Table 4. Limits to commercialisation
- Table 5. Actions needed to foster realisation
- 5.8 Funding
- Table 6. Examples of public funding for R&D in nanoscience and nanotechnology
- international government spending
- Table 7. Worldwide government funding for nanotechnology R&D
- Figure 13. Worldwide government funding for nanotechnology R&D
- Figure 14. Number of nanocompanies in Europe
- uS-focused overview - regional, State and local spending
6. current progreSS in cancer nanomedicine
- 6.1 Products on the market
- Table 8. Products currently on the market with oncology applications
- abraxis BioScience/astraZeneca - abraxane
- gilead Sciences/diatos - daunoxome
- immunicon - cellSearch circulating tumor cell Kit
- nanosphere - Bio-barcode and verigene platform
- ortho Biotech (Johnson & Johnson) - caelyx/doxil
- Figure 15. Representation of a STEALTH liposome
- Zeneus pharma - myocet
- 6.2 Products moving to market
- Table 9. Products moving to the market with oncology applications ablynx
- Figure 16. Nanobodies
- acusphere
- advanced magnetics/cytogen
- adventrx pharmaceuticals
- alnis Biosciences
- aphios
- celsion
- dendritic technologies/Starpharma
- flamel technologies
- inex pharmaceuticals
- insert therapeutics (arrowhead research)
- Figure 17. Structure of IT-101
- intradigm
- introgen therapeutics
- Kereos
- Keystone nano
- Liplasome pharma
- magforce nanotechnologies
- mersana therapeutics
- nanobiotix
- nanocarrier
- nanolution (Biophan technologies)
- nanomed pharmaceuticals
- nanospectra Biosciences
- pro-pharmaceuticals
- project Biofinger
- Figure 18. BioFinger: diagnosis tool based on the measurement of molecular interactions
- pSivida
- oSi pharmaceuticals
- Spherics
- transgenex nanobiotech
- triton Biosytems
- 6.3 Novel research
- Burnham institute
- california State university and the chinese academy of Sciences
- clemson university
- eindhoven university of technology and university of Bordeaux
- Emerging Opportunities in Cancer Nanomedicine Contents
- friedrich Schiller university
- george mason university and the university of texas Health Science center
- georgia institute of technology
- Harvard university
- Johann Wolfgang goethe university
- Johns Hopkins university
- Korea advanced institute of Science and technology
- Luikov Heath and mass transfer institute
- massachusetts institute of technology (mit)
- national institute of Standards and technology
- northwestern university
- oak ridge national Laboratory
- ohio State university
- Sandia national Laboratories
- Seoul national university
- Stanford university
- State university of new york and california State university
- the Scripps research institute
- universit pierre et marie curie
- university of california, Berkeley
- university of delaware
- university of florida
- university of medicine and dentistry of new Jersey
- university of michigan
- Figure 19. A flexible platform for the detection and treatment of cancer
- university of missouri
- university of Santiago de compostela
- virginia commonwealth university
7. company index
8. BiBLiograpHy
9. gLoSSary