Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals in Latin America

Content

• Executive Summary
• Chapter 1: Characteristics of Latin America
  • The Latin American political, economic and social climate
  • The political situation in Latin America
  • The Freedom House evaluation of Latin America's status
  • Transparency International's evaluation of Latin America's status
  • The Organization of American States
  • The North American Free Trade Agreement
  • Mercosur
  • The Andean Community
  • Politics and healthcare in Latin America
  • Economic investment in Latin America
  • Case study: Argentina's economic crisis
  • Latin American healthcare policy
  • Implications of Latin American healthcare reform for the pharmaceutical industry
  • Case study: political opposition in Peru
  • Public healthcare system workers go on strike in El Salvador
  • The Pan-American Health Organization
• Chapter 2: Pharmaceutical Market Issues
  • The importance of the Latin American pharmaceutical market
  • Case study: Celebrex makes strong sales debut in Latin America
  • Case study: Sanofi-Aventis strengthens position in Latin American OTC market
  • Pharmaceutical R&D in Latin America
  • Case study: Brazil sets up major vaccine manufacturing plant
  • GlaxoSmithKline selects Mexico to launch new rotavirus vaccine
  • Case study: La Federacin Latinoamericana de la Industria Farmacutica
  • Intellectual property issues
  • Intellectual property protection in Latin America
  • Changes in the environment for intellectual property in Latin America
  • Weaknesses of Latin American intellectual property protection
  • Article 39-3 of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
• Chapter 3: Mexico
  • The healthcare system
  • The pharmaceutical market
  • Characteristics of the pharmaceutical market
  • Generics
  • Intellectual property issues
  • Similares
  • The domestic pharmaceutical industry
  • Multinational pharmaceutical company presence
  • Cross-border purchasing of pharmaceuticals in Mexico
  • Drug counterfeiting in Mexico
  • Illegal drug importation
• Chapter 4: Brazil
  • The healthcare system
  • The pharmaceutical market
  • Characteristics of the pharmaceutical market
  • The domestic pharmaceutical industry
  • Government initiatives for the domestic pharmaceutical industry
  • Case study: UNAIDS and Brazil launch joint initiative to counter AIDS in developing nations
  • Classification of pharmaceutical products
  • Generics
  • Awareness of generics in Brazil
  • Future prospects for the pharmaceutical market
• Chapter 5: Argentina
  • The healthcare system
  • The pharmaceutical market
  • Characteristics of the pharmaceutical market
  • The pharmaceutical industry
  • Indian pharmaceutical companies enter the Argentinian market
  • Generics
  • Intellectual property issues
  • The pharmaceutical black market in Argentina
  • Price increases in Argentina
• Chapter 6: Venezuela
  • The healthcare system
  • The pharmaceutical market
  • Characteristics of the pharmaceutical market
  • Case study: GlaxoSmithKline in Venezuela
  • Intellectual property issues
  • Generics
  • Case study: IVAX acquires Venezuelan pharmaceutical company
  • Venezuelan pharmaceutical companies seek higher prices
  • Andean countries examine measures to produce generics
  • Venezuelan authorities tackle unregistered natural therapies
  • Venezuelan pharmacies in crisis
  • Venezuelan authorities seize illicit medical products
• Chapter 7: Colombia
  • The healthcare system
  • The pharmaceutical market
  • Characteristics of the pharmaceutical market
  • The pharmaceutical industry
  • Intellectual property issues
  • Case study: Colombia overturns Viagra patent
  • Government tackles price increases
• Chapter 8: Chile
  • The healthcare system
  • The pharmaceutical market
  • Characteristics of the pharmaceutical market
  • The pharmaceutical industry
  • Generics
  • Case study: Laboratorios Bag Chile
  • Bolivian pharmaceutical companies resist Chilean rivals
• Chapter 9: Pharmaceutical Pricing in Latin America
  • The World Trade Organization (WTO) and its objectives
  • The WTO philosophy
  • The WTO and Latin America
  • WTO viewpoint on intellectual property rights
  • Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
  • Intellectual property and the Latin American pharmaceutical market
  • Limitations of TRIPS and trade disputes
  • Intellectual property rights in Chile
  • Pricing and the developing world
  • Access to essential medicines in Latin America
  • Fighting corruption to improve access to medicines in Latin America
  • Consumer views on pharmaceutical prices
  • Latin American countries seek lower prices for HIV treatments
  • Case study: the Campaign for Fighting Diseases criticises developing nations for inflating drug prices
  • The concept of compulsory licensing
  • The grounds for using a compulsory licence
  • Brazil and HIV drug pricing
  • The future of compulsory licensing
  • Case study: Brazil builds pharmaceutical manufacturing plant in Africa
• Chapter 10: The Internet and the Healthcare Market in Latin America
  • The Internet and the pharmaceutical industry
  • The potential of the Internet for Latin America
  • Internet usage in Latin America
  • Limitations to gauging Internet access in Latin America
  • Case study: Novartis launches a Spanish version of its website
  • Case study: usage of the Internet by doctors in Brazil
  • Case study: Pfizer's Internet-based strategies for Latin America
  • The Institute for Connectivity in the Americas
  • Barriers to Internet usage in Bolivia
  • e-Health
  • e-Health in Latin America
  • Uptake of e-health services in Latin America
  • Barriers to e-health in Latin America
  • Case study: Salutia
  • Pharmaceutical e-detailing in Latin America
• References
• List of Figures
  • Figure 1.1 Life expectancy at birth (2005-10)
  • Figure 1.2 Infant mortality rates (2005-10)
  • Figure 1.3 Freedom House country ratings
  • Figure 1.4 The 2003 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index
  • Figure 1.5 Trade between the Andean Community and Mercosur
  • Figure 1.6 The Latin American economy
  • Figure 2.1 Latin American GDP (2003)
  • Figure 2.2 Growth of Latin American pharmaceutical sales - local industry estimates
  • Figure 3.1 Suppliers of pharmaceuticals to the Mexican market
  • Figure 3.2 Growth of Mexican pharmaceutical sales according to local estimates
  • Figure 3.3 Employment in the Mexican pharmaceutical industry (2004)
  • Figure 4.1 Growth of Brazilian pharmaceutical sales according to local estimates
  • Figure 5.1 Growth of Argentinian pharmaceutical sales according to local estimates
  • Figure 5.2 Argentinian pharmaceutical market, by class - second quarter sales
  • Figure 6.1 Growth of Venezuelan pharmaceutical sales according to local estimates
  • Figure 7.1 Growth of Colombian pharmaceutical sales according to local estimates
  • Figure 7.2 Colombian pharmaceutical market
  • Figure 8.1 Growth of Chilean pharmaceutical sales according to local estimates
  • Figure 9.1 Global estimates of HIV and AIDS as at the end of 2003
  • Figure 9.2 The 2003 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index
  • Figure 9.3 Negotiated prices for generic stavudine in 10 Latin American countries (2003)
  • Figure 9.4 Negotiated prices for generic zidovudine (AZT) in 10 Latin American countries (2003)
  • Figure 9.5 Estimated combined total duties and taxes imposed on retail medicines (2003)
  • Figure 10.1 Internet usage statistics (2004)
  • Figure 10.2 Expenditure on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in selected countries (2000)
  • Figure 10.3 Internet usage in Latin America: growth for the period 2000-04
  • Figure 10.4 Average usage of the Internet in the previous 30 days: analysis by social class in Brazil
• List of Tables
  • Table 1.1 Member countries of the OAS
  • Table 2.1 Key Latin American industrial and intellectual property legislation
  • Table 2.2 Latin American nations placed on the Office of the US Trade Representative's 2004 Special 301 Watch List
  • Table 3.1 Pharmaceutical product types in Mexico
  • Table 10.1 Projects being run by the ICA